chapter 12
The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages, 1300–1450
Please define the following terms.
1.Great Famine
2.Black Death
3.bubo
4.flagellants
5.confraternities
6.Agincourt
7.Joan of Arc
8.representative assemblies
9.nationalism
10.Babylonian Captivity
11.schism
12.conciliarists
13.Statute of Kilkenny
14.The Imitation of Christ
15.vernacular
16.Jacquerie
17.peasant revolts
- Was the Black Death of the fourteenth century a crucial turning point in European history? Use evidence from the text to argue for or against this thesis.
19.What are the central concerns expressed by Christine de Pisan in the excerpt from The Book of the City of Ladies presented in this chapter's “Listening to the Past”? What do they tell us about the society in which Pisan lived?
20.In addition to all the other crises of the later Middle Ages, and in large part resulting from these crises and adding to them, there was an outbreak of popular uprisings all across Europe. What caused these uprisings? Against whom were they directed? What tactics did each side use? What were the goals of the rebels? How successful were they?
21.The Hundred Years' War had serious consequences for both England and France. What were the immediate political, social, and economic results of the war on both sides of the English Channel? What were the long-term implications? Which side seems to have won?
22.The problems of the papacy, exemplified by the Babylonian Captivity, gave rise to the conciliar movement and led to schism in the church. What were the underlying causes of this development? What were the consequences religious, social, and political of this crisis in the Christian church?
23.The later Middle Ages witnessed a transformation on the frontiers of Europe that was caused by a great surge in migration and colonization from England, Germany, and France. Describe the changes resulting from this colonization of frontier regions. What was the primary cause of these changes, and what were the consequences?
24.All of the following were ethnic divisions that intensified on European frontiers in the fourteenth century except
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25.The most unusual feature of marriage patterns in the late Middle Ages was
a)the late age of marriage for women.
b)the late age of marriage for men.
c)the number of women who remained unmarried their whole lives.
d)the number of men who remained unmarried their whole lives.
e)the number of couples who chose not to have children.
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26.The period 1315 to 1322 is best described as
a)a time of scarcity and starvation.
b)a time of plenty and prosperity.
c)stable and peaceful.
d)a time of civil war and bloodshed.
e)a time of rapid intellectual advancement.
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27.The first symptom of the bubonic plague was
a)cold chills.
b)vomiting.
c)a high fever.
d)a boil the size of a nut or apple in the armpit, groin, or neck.
e)black spots on the skin.
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28.In general, during the plague, the clergy
a)cared for the sick and buried the dead.
b)fled to monasteries in the countryside.
c)were relatively untouched by the epidemic.
d)refused to administer sacraments to plague victims.
e)let nuns take care of the sick.
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29.The highly infectious nature of the plague was enhanced by
a)the imposition of quarantine measures.
b)an influx of peasants seeking medical care.
c)urban congestion and lack of sanitation.
d)the total absence of health-care facilities.
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30.______were often explicitly prohibited from marrying, as they were understood to be in "minor orders."
a)Government officials
b)Lawyers
c)University students
d)Tax collectors
e)Confraternity members
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31.In most cases, rape was punished by
a)banishment.
b)fines or brief imprisonments.
c)death.
d)mutilation.
e)public humiliation.
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32.The establishment of new colleges and universities in the years following the Black Death
a)greatly weakened the international nature of medieval culture.
b)were generally similar to the internationally oriented earlier universities.
c)enhanced the role of the papacy in European affairs.
d)had no apparent connection to the previous crises.
e)led to the foundation of the Dominican and Franciscan orders.
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33.During the Hundred Years' War, the English kings were supported by some French barons because the latter
a)disapproved of the Babylonian Captivity.
b)were promised estates in England.
c)wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts.
d)were economically dependent on the English wool trade.
e)were Lollards.
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34.Attitudes toward same-sex relations began to change in the
a)late tenth century.
b)mid-fourteenth century.
c)late fourteenth century.
d)late twelfth century.
e)early fifteenth century.
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35.One important mode of influencing public opinion, used by the English and French kings during the Hundred Years' War, was
a)publishing broadsheets.
b)distributing free grain to the populace.
c)proclaiming a crusade.
d)purchasing votes.
e)instructing priests to deliver patriotic sermons.
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36.Conciliarists maintained all of the following except that
a)reform could best be accomplished by general assemblies representing all Christians.
b)the pope's authority derived from the Christian community.
c)the pope was not the head of the Christian church.
d)a constitutional form of church government was preferable to the monarchical form.
e)the pope existed to promote the well-being of the Christian community.
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37.The spread of literacy
a)was a response to needs of commerce and government.
b)was hampered by the crises of the era.
c)did not affect women.
d)occurred only among the nobility and the clergy.
e)did not begin until the Protestant Reformation.
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38.The young woman who saved France during the Hundred Years' War was
a)Catherine of Siena.
b)Joan of Arc.
c)Christine de Pisan.
d)Françoise of Florence.
e)Theresa of Avila.
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39.The English Statute of Laborers (1351)
a)granted limited rights to workers.
b)fixed the number of new members of guilds.
c)forbade the migration of day laborers.
d)forbade the creation of craft unions.
e)attempted to freeze salaries and wages at pre-1347 levels.
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40.All of the following were consequences of the Hundred Years' War except
a)the development of a French national assembly.
b)the emergence of the English Commons as a political force.
c)a rise of nationalistic feeling in England and France.
d)economic and social dislocation.
e)disruption of local government in England as sheriffs went absent on campaign.
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41.Most court cases dealing with same-sex relations involved
a)an adult woman and an adolescent girl.
b)two adult women.
c)two adolescent boys.
d)two adult men.
e)an adult man and an adolescent boy.
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42.Crime committed by knights and gentry during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries is known as
a)elite criminality.
b)lace crime.
c)fur-collar crime.
d)victimless crime.
e)chivalric crime.
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43.The ______whipped and scourged themselves as penance for their own and society's sins.
a)mendicants
b)flagellants
c)members of the Brotherhood of Glory
d)pope and his closest advisers
e)women of London
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44.In the absence of the papacy during the Babylonian Captivity, Rome
a)experienced an economic rebirth.
b)was racked by heretical uprisings.
c)was left poverty stricken.
d)was ruled by the College of Cardinals.
e)pledged its allegiance to the Byzantine Empire.
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45.______led the English to victory at Agincourt in 1415.
a)Henry II
b)Edward III
c)Richard I
d)Henry V
e)John II
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46.In the early periods of conquest and colonization, and in all regions with extensive migrations,
a)religion created the most tension between population groups.
b)most settlers were women.
c)most settlers were soldiers.
d)conquerors imposed their legal system on the conquered.
e)a legal dualism existed.
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47.Theologian John Wyclif argued that
a)the conciliar movement was heretical.
b)Scripture alone should determine church belief and practice.
c)there was no Trinity.
d)popes should be elected by all members of the clergy.
e)priests should be allowed to marry.
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48.The great council that met at Constance from 1414 to 1418
a)implemented a series of important reforms.
b)did little more than elect a pope.
c)abolished the Inquisition.
d)reformed the monastic and mendicant orders.
e)condemned the Fourth Crusade that burned Constantinople.
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49.The Divine Comedy was written in
a)Italian.
b)Latin.
c)French.
d)English.
e)Spanish.
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50.Confraternities were organized by all of the following except
a)wealth.
b)occupation.
c)devotional preference.
d)neighborhood.
e)charitable activity.
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51.The Brethren and Sisters of the Common Life originated in
a)Scotland.
b)Spain.
c)Saxony.
d)France.
e)Holland.
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52.The spirituality of the Brethren and Sisters of the Common Life found its finest expression in the writings of
a)John Wycliff.
b)Jan Huss.
c)Thomas a Kempis.
d)Christine de Pisan.
e)Geoffrey Chaucer.
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53.In the High Middle Ages, prostitution was
a)ruthlessly prosecuted by authorities.
b)found only in the bustling seaports of the Mediterranean.
c)both a rural and urban phenomenon.
d)regulated by state authorities.
e)endorsed by the church.
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54.From 1309 to 1376, the popes lived in
a)Milan.
b)Amsterdam.
c)Venice.
d)Paris.
e)Avignon.
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55.The history of Mudejars in Spain before the fourteenth century is representative of the
a)emphasis on blood descent in legal and political affairs.
b)legal dualism between natives and colonists prior to the fourteenth century.
c)ruthlessness with which the Spanish monarchs eliminated all Spanish Muslims.
d)spread of religious fanaticism during the Black Death.
e)role of the Inquisition in persecuting conversos.
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56.Jan Hus died
a)at the stake.
b)of old age.
c)in exile.
d)while trying to escape.
e)in a pitched battle between his supporters and his opponents.
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57.The direct cause of the Hundred Years' War between England and France was
a)the French seizure of the port of Calais.
b)the English execution of Joan of Arc.
c)King Edward III of England's seizure of Aquitaine.
d)King Edward III of England's endorsement of Urban VI as the rightful pope.
e)King Philip of France's seizure of Aquitaine.
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58.Bridget of Sweden is a good example of
a)a successful female capitalist.
b)medieval trends in marriage and childbirth.
c)a fifteenth-century abbess.
d)a successful female ruler.
e)a fourteenth-century mystic.
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59.The immediate cause of the English peasant rebellion of 1381 was
a)the reimposition of the head tax.
b)the execution of Wat Tyler.
c)the excommunication of John Wyclif.
d)the French victory at the Battle of Poitiers.
e)a sharp rise in grain prices.
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60.English oppression in Ireland was exemplified by the
a)Dalimil Chronicle.
b)Council of Constance.
c)Statute of Kilkenny.
d)Statute of Laborers.
e)epic poem Beowulf.
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61.The census taken in the city of Florence between 1427 and 1430 suggests that the Black Death
a)hit the elderly the hardest.
b)hit the young the hardest.
c)killed more men than women.
d)killed more women than men.
e)had little demographic impact on Florence.
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62.The rebellions that swept across Europe in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries
a)were primarily political movements.
b)resulted in important reforms.
c)sparked efforts to reform the church.
d)involved both rural and urban laboring people.
e)were treated with leniency by nobles.
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63.______was the most highly urbanized region in northern Europe.
a)Estonia
b)Lithuania
c)Prussia
d)Scandinavia
e)Flanders
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