** CLASS COPY**
The Bataan Death March
The Deadly March of American and Filipino POWs During World War II
November 13, 2015.
TheBataan Death Marchwas the forced march of American and Filipino prisoners of war (POWs) by the Japanese during World War II. The 63-mile march began with 72,000*prisoners from the southern end of the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippines on April 9, 1942. The horrible conditions and harsh treatment of the prisoners during the Bataan Death March resulted in an estimated 7,000 to 10,000 deaths.
Surrender in Bataan
Only hours after theJapanese attack on Pearl Harboron December 7, 1941, the Japanese also struck airbases in the American-heldPhilippines(around noon on December 8, local time). Caught by surprise, a majority of the military aircraft on the archipelago were destroyed during the Japanese air attack.
Unlike in Hawaii, the Japanese followed their surprise air strike of the Philippines with a ground invasion. As the Japanese ground troops headed toward the capital, Manila, American and Filipino troops retreated on December 22, 1941 to the Bataan Peninsula, located on the western side of the large island of Luzon in the Philippines.
Quickly cut off from food and other supplies by a Japanese blockade, the American and Filipino soldiers slowly used up their supplies. First they went on half rations, then third rations, then fourth rations. By April 1942, they had been holding out in the jungles of Bataan for three months and were clearly starving and suffering from diseases.
There was nothing left to do but surrender. On April 9, 1942, U.S. General Edward P. King signed the surrender document, ending the Battle of Bataan. The remaining 72,000 American and Filipino soldiers were taken by the Japanese as prisoners of war. Nearly immediately, the Bataan Death March began.
The March Begins
The goal of the march was to get the 72,000 captured American and Filipino POWs from Mariveles in the southern end of the Bataan Peninsula to Camp O'Donnell in the north. To do this, the prisoners were to be marched 55 miles from Mariveles to San Fernando, then travel by train to Capas. From Capas, the prisoners were again to march for the last eight miles to Camp O'Donnell.
The prisoners were separated into groups of approximately a hundred, assigned Japanese guards, and then sent marching. It would take each group about five days to make the journey. Themarchwould have been long and arduous for anyone, but the already starving prisoners were to endure cruel and brutal treatment throughout their long journey, which made the march deadly.
The Horrible Conditions of the Bataan Death March
Japanese soldiers believed strongly in the honor brought by fighting to the death and anyone who surrendered was considered contemptible. Thus, to the Japanese soldiers, the captured American and Filipino POWs from Bataan were unworthy of respect. To show their displeasure and disgust, the Japanese guards tortured their prisoners throughout the march.
To begin with, the captured soldiers were given no water and little food. Although there wereartesian wellswith clean water scattered along the way, the Japanese guards shot any and all prisoners who broke rank and tried to drink from them. A few prisoners successfully scooped up some stagnant water as they walked past, but many became sick from it.
The prisoners, who were starving even before their surrender, were given just a couple balls of rice during their long march. There were numerous times when local Filipino civilians tried to throw food to the marching prisoners, but the Japanese soldiers killed the civilians who tried to help.
The intense heat during the march was miserable. The Japanese exacerbated the pain by making the prisoners purposely sit in the hot sun for several hours without any shade -- a torture called "the sun treatment."
Without food and water, the prisoners were extremely weak as they marched the 63 miles in the hot sun. Many were seriously ill from malnutrition, while others had been wounded or were suffering from diseases they had picked up in the jungle. These things didn't matter to the Japanese. If anyone seemed slow or fell behind during the march, they were either shot or bayoneted. There were Japanese "buzzard squads" who followed each group of marching prisoners, responsible for killing those that couldn't keep up.
Random brutality was common. Japanese soldiers would frequently hit prisoners with the butt of their rifle. Bayoneting was common. Beheadings were prevalent.
Simple dignities were also denied the prisoners. Not only did the Japanese not offer latrines, they offered no bathroom breaks along the long march. If a prisoner had to defecate, then they had to do it while walking.
Arrival at Camp O'Donnell
Once the prisoners reached San Fernando, they were herded into boxcars. The Japanese shoved so many prisoners into each boxcar that there was standing room only. The heat and conditions inside caused more deaths.
Upon arrival in Capas, the remaining prisoners marched another eight miles. When they reached their destination,Camp O'Donnell, it was discovered that only 54,000 of the prisoners had made it to the camp. It is estimated that about 7,000 to 10,000 died, while the rest of the missing had escaped into the jungle and joined guerrilla groups.
The conditions within Camp O'Donnell were also brutal and harsh, leading to thousands more POW deaths even within their first few weeks there.
The Man Held Responsible
After the war, a U.S. military tribunal was established and charged Lieutenant General Homma Masaharu for the atrocities committed during the Bataan Death March. Homma had been the Japanese commander in charge of the Philippines invasion and had ordered the evacuation of the prisoners of war from Bataan.
Homma accepted responsibility for his troops' actions even though he himself never ordered such brutality. The tribunal found him guilty.
On April 3, 1946, Homma was executed by firing squad in the town of Los Banos in the Philippines.
* Some sources say 75,000 soldiers were taken prisoner after the surrender at Bataan, with 12,000 of them American and 63,000 Filipino.
Please answer the following questions in complete sentences in your notes:
1. POWs from the Bataan Death March were from which two countries? Approximately how many prisoners died?
2. How was the attack on Pearl Harbor different than the attack on the Philippines?
3. How many miles (total) did the POWs have to march?
4. How were the POWs treated by the Japanese? What was the Japanese’ justification for treating the POWs this way?
5. Who was charged with and found guilty of these war crimes? How was he punished?