Table 3 Secondary outcome results of all included studies in a systematic review looking at the association between sedentary behaviours and cardiometabolic diseases and their risk factors among South Asian adults

Reference / Sedentary behaviour / Outcome / Results
First author / Year / Type / Self-report or objective / Self-report or objective / Interpretation / QA score (/20)
Body mass index (BMI)
Agrawal, P. / 2013 / TV time / Self-report / Objective / Trend of increasing BMI with greater amount of TV watched per day. / 18
Curry / 2014 / Total sedentary time / Objective / Objective / Mean daily sedentary time was significantly different between normal, overweight and obese BMI categories, with normal weight having lower sedentary time. No significant differences in mean daily sedentary time between participants in the underweight vs. normal categories. / 14
Ghosh / 2014 / TV time / Self-report / Objective / Significant group differences for BMI across TV time, with greater time associated with greater BMI. / 16
Gupta / 2015 / Sitting time, TV time / Self-report / Objective / Significant group differences for TV time and sitting time across BMI categories, with greater sitting and TV time associated with greater BMI. / 13
Khan / 2016 / TV time, computer time / Self-report / Objective / No significant association between TV time or computer time and obesity. / 9
Little / 2016 / Sitting time, TV time / Self-report / Objective / Significant group differences for TV time and sitting time across BMI categories, with greater sitting and TV time associated with greater BMI. / 15
Mani / 2014 / Sedentary time / Self-report / Objective / Significant association between odds of overweight and obesity and sedentary time of ≥4 hours. / 15
Nag / 2015 / TV time / Self-report / Objective / The significant higher value for MWC, WHtR, TER, SF4, BMI, %BF, FM, VFL, IVF, TC, LDL and FBG was observed with increasing duration of TV watching. No significant change was observed for TG, HDL, VLDL, DBP and MAP. / 8
Nang / 2013 / Screen time (TV, computer, reading) / Self-report / N/R / BMI was significantly correlated with TV time, after adjusting for age, ethnicity, sex, and education. / 18
Pomerleau / 1999 / TV time / Self-report / Objective / Age adjusted percent difference in BMI was not significantly associated with TV and video watching. / 10
Rastogi / 2004 / Sedentary activities time / Self-report / Self-report / Greater sedentary time associated with greater BMI. / 16
Singh / 2011 / Sedentary time / Self-report / Objective / Greater sedentary time associated with greater BMI. / 11
Sullivan / 2012 / Sedentary time / Self-report / Objective / Time spent in sedentary activities associated with greater BMI. / 14
Tandon / 2011 / TV time / Self-report / Objective / The odds of being overweight or obese were significantly greater with increasing TV time. / 8
Yates / 2012 / Sitting time / Self-report / Objective / Significant trend with increasing sitting time and increasing BMI for women, not significant for men. / 18
Waist circumference (WC), Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR)
Curry / 2014 / Total sedentary time / Objective / Objective / No statistically significant relationship between sedentary time and WC. / 14
Ghosh / 2014 / TV time / Self-report / Objective / Greater TV time associated with greater WC. / 16
Nag / 2015 / TV time / Self-report / Objective / The significant higher value for MWC and WHtR was observed with increasing duration of TV watching. / 8
Rastogi / 2004 / Sedentary activities time / Self-report / Self-report / No significant difference in WHR between sedentary time categories. / 16
Yates / 2012 / Sitting time / Self-report / Objective / Significant trend with increasing screen time and increasing WC for women, insignificant for men. / 18
Glucose (2hr, fasting and HbA1c)
Andersen / 2015 / Sedentary time / Objective / Objective / Changes in sedentary time were significantly and beneficially associated with changes in glucose. / 14
Gill / 2011 / Sitting time / Self-report / Objective / Fasting glucose not significantly correlated with sitting time. Two-hour glucose and sitting time significantly associated independent of physical activity.
Nag / 2015 / TV time / Self-report / Objective / The significant higher value for FBG was observed with increasing duration of TV watching. / 8
Nang / 2013 / Screen time (TV, computer) / Self-report / N/R / No significant trend between increasing screen time and fasting plasma glucose. / 18
Waidyatilaka / 2013 / Sitting time / Self-report / Objective / TV time was significantly associated with dysglycemia after controlling for confounders. Women viewing TV for >185 minute were six times more likely to be glycemic compared to those watching less TV. Sitting time was significantly associated with dysglycemia; women sitting for ≥185 minutes were 1.5 times more likely to be glycemic compared to those sitting for less time. / 19
Yates / 2012 / Sitting time / Self-report / Objective / Sitting time was not significantly associated with 2-hr glucose and fasting glucose in men or women. / 18
Insulin (insulin 2-hr, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR)
Andersen / 2013 / Sedentary time / Objective / Objective / 2-hour insulin was strongly related to sedentary time. For every minute less of sedentary, there are reductions of 1.6 (pmol/L) in insulin. / 18
Andersen / 2015 / Sedentary time / Objective / Objective / Changes in sedentary time were significantly and beneficially associated with changes in postprandial insulin and C-peptide. / 14
Nag / 2015 / TV time / Self-report / Objective / Insulin and HOMA-IR were highest in both men and women who watched 31-60 minutes/day vs. ≤30 minutes or >60 minutes. / 8
Nang / 2013 / Screen time (TV, computer, reading) / Self-report / N/R / Significant trend with increasing HOMA-IR with increasing screen time. / 18
Yates / 2012 / Sitting time / Self-report / Objective / Significant trend with increasing screen time and increasing fasting insulin for women; insignificant for men. / 18
Lipid profile
Nag / 2015 / TV time / Self-report / Objective / The significant higher value for TC and LDL was observed with increasing duration of TV watching. No significant change was observed for TG, HDL or VLDL. / 8
Nang / 2013 / Screen time (TV, computer) / Self-report / N/R / Significant trend with increasing screen time and decreasing HDL, whereas increasing screen time was associated with higher LDL, cholesterol and triglycerides. / 18
Blood pressure (BP)
Ghosh / 2014 / TV time / Self-report / Objective / No significant group differences for SBP and DBP across TV time category. / 16
Nag / 2015 / TV time / Self-report / Objective / No significant change was observed for DBP or MAP. / 8
Nang / 2013 / Screen time (TV, computer) / Self-report / N/R / Significant trend with increasing screen time and greater SBP and DBP. / 18
Rastogi / 2004 / Sedentary activities time / Self-report / Self-report / Greater sedentary time associated with greater prevalence of hypertension. / 16

*%BF = percent body fat, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, FBG = fasting blood glucose, FFM = fat free mass, FM = fat mass, HDL/LDL = high/low density lipoprotein, IVF = intra-abdominal visceral fat, MAP = mean arterial pressure, MWC = minimum waist circumference, N/R = not reported, PA = physical activity, QA = quality assessment, SB = sedentary behaviour, SBP = systolic blood pressure, SF4 = sum of four skinfolds, TC = total cholesterol, TER = trunk-extremity ratio, TG = total glucose, TV = television, VFL = visceral fat level, VLDL = very low density lipoprotein, WHtR = waist-hip ratio