Szalma and Hancock (In Press).Noise Effects on Human Performance: a Meta-Analytic Synthesis

Appendix for:

Szalma and Hancock (in press).Noise effects on human performance: A meta-analytic synthesis.

Psychological Bulletin.

3-variable hierarchical analyses

Table A1

Schedule x Noise Type x Intensity: dB experimental

Schedule / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
No Speech
Low Intensity
Intermittent / 11 / +0.23 / 4.08 / 0.21 / 3.87 / 0.05 / -0.04<δ+0.50 / 405
Intermittent* / 8 / -0.28 / 0.08 / 0.35 / -- / -- / -0.69<δ+0.13 / 333
Continuous / 21 / -0.37 / 2.29 / 0.21 / 2.08 / 0.09 / -0.57<δ<-0.18 / 1182
Continuous* / 20 / -0.34 / 0.20 / 0.13 / 0.07 / 0.63 / -0.50<δ<-0.18 / 1157
High Intensity
Intermittent / 15 / -0.07 / 0.32 / 0.06 / 0.25 / 0.20 / -0.20δ<+0.06 / 3519
Continuous / 65 / -0.15 / 0.37 / 0.16 / 0.20 / 0.44 / -0.24<δ<-0.05 / 2232
Speech
Low Intensity
Intermittent / 36 / -1.06 / 2.17 / 0.57 / 1.60 / 0.26 / -1.31<δ<-0.81 / 1364
Intermittent* / 31 / -1.18 / 0.16 / 0.59 / -- / -- / -1.45<δ<-0.91 / 1163
Continuous / 10 / +0.78 / 1.89 / 0.15 / 0.15 / 0.08 / +0.55<δ+1.02 / 666
Continuous* / 9 / -0.31 / 0.07 / 0.55 / -- / -- / -0.80<δ+0.18 / 378
High Intensity
Intermittent / 4 / -0.53 / 0.56 / 0.76 / -- / -- / -1.38<δ+0.33 / 101
Continuous / 4 / -0.93 / 0.07 / 36.91 / -- / -- / -6.88<δ+5.03 / 156
Mix
Low Intensity
Intermittent / 0
Continuous / 2 / -0.28 / Wohlwill et al. (1976), g= -.018 / 70
Loewen & Suedfeld (1992), g= -0.43
High Intensity
Intermittent / 0
Continuous / 1 / -0.12 / Starnes & Loeb (1993) / 82
Music
Low Intensity
Intermittent / 2 / +1.50 / Davenport (1972) expt 1a, g=+1.53; expt 1b, g=+1.48 / 48
Continuous / 0
High Intensity
Intermittent / 0
Continuous / 3 / -1.12 / 1.99 / 31.04 / -- / -- / -7.42<δ+5.19 / 96

*outliers removed

Table A2.

Schedule x Noise Type x Intensity: dB Difference

Schedule / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
No Speech
Low Intensity
Intermittent / 1 / +0.63 / Van Gemmert & Van Galen (1998) / 22
Continuous / 49 / -0.06 / 0.42 / 0.12 / 0.30 / 0.30 / -0.16<δ+0.04 / 1632
High Intensity
Intermittent / 8 / -0.06 / 0.25 / 0.07 / 0.18 / 0.28 / -0.25<δ+ 0.12 / 597
Continuous / 19 / -0.37 / 0.35 / 0.17 / 0.18 / 0.48 / -0.56<δ<-0.19 / 606
Speech
Low Intensity
Intermittent / 2 / -1.43 / Campbell et al. (2002), expt 1, g= -1.20 expt 2, g= -1.66 / 48
Continuous / 2 / -0.29 / Hygge et al. (2003), g= -0.28 Veitch (1990), g= -0.35 / 114
High Intensity
Intermittent / 7 / -0.89 / 0.10 / 0.32 / -- / -- / -1.31<δ<-0.47 / 289
Continuous
Mix
Low Intensity
Intermittent / 1 / -0.48 / Knez & Hygge (2002) / 96
Continuous / 4 / -0.51 / 0.25 / 2.83 / -- / -- / -2.16<δ+1.14 / 64
High Intensity
Intermittent / 1 / -0.98 / Salame & Wittersheim (1978) / 20
Continuous / 2 / -0.77 / Evans et al. (1996), g= -0.77 / 100
Salame & Wittersheim (1978), g= -1.11
Music
Low Intensity
Intermittent / 0
Continuous / 0
High Intensity
Intermittent / 0
Continuous / 1 / +0.17 / Van Gemmert & Van Galen (1997) / 18

Table A3

Schedule x Noise Type x Duration

Schedule / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
Short Duration
No Speech
Intermittent / 17 / -0.42 / 0.08 / 0.23 / -- / -- / -0.65<δ<-0.19 / 864
Continuous / 2 / -0.12 / Breen-Lewis & Wilding (1984), g=+0 .67 / 80
Davies & Jones (1975), g= -0.92
Speech
Intermittent / 51 / -1.41 / 0.56 / 1.34 / -- / -- / -1.73<δ<-1.09 / 2117
Intermittent* / 47 / -1.18 / 0.13 / 1.37 / -- / -- / -1.51δ-0.84 / 1927
Continuous / 2 / -1.03 / LeCompte (1995) expt 3, g= -1.19 expt. 4, g= -0.65 / 116
Mix
Intermittent / 1 / -0.98 / Salame & Wittersheim (1978) / 20
Continuous / 0
Music
Intermittent / 2 / +1.50 / Davenport (1972) expt 1a, g= +1.53 expt 1b, g= +1.48 / 48
Continuous / 0
Long Duration
No Speech
Intermittent / 4 / -0.25 / 0.13 / 0.34 / -- / -- / -0.82<δ+0.32 / 192
Continuous / 38 / -0.16 / 0.37 / 0.16 / 0.21 / 0.42 / -0.28<δ<-0.03 / 1377
Speech
Intermittent / 4 / -0.93 / 0.10 / 0.36 / -- / -- / -1.52<δ<-0.35 / 177
Continuous / 6 / -0.68 / 0.23 / 9.83 / -- / -- / -3.19<δ<+1.83 / 256
Continuous* / 5 / -0.84 / 0.10 / 23.98 / -- / -- / -5.13<δ<+3.46 / 206
Mix
Intermittent / 0
Continuous / 4 / -0.58 / 0.08 / 0.14 / -- / -- / -0.95<δ<-0.21 / 222
Music
Intermittent / 0
Continuous / 3 / -1.12 / 1.99 / 31.04 / -- / -- / -7.42<δ+5.19 / 96

*outliers removed

Table A4

Schedule x Noise Type x DV

Schedule / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
Accuracy
No Speech
Intermittent / 36 / -0.42 / 0.76 / 0.16 / 0.60 / 0.21 / -0.55<δ<-0.29 / 1969
Continuous / 74 / -0.22 / 0.87 / 0.23 / 0.64 / 0.26 / -0.33<δ<-0.11 / 3055
Speech
Intermittent / 99 / -1.30 / 1.00 / 0.88 / 0.12 / 0.88 / -1.48<δ<-1.11 / 3899
Continuous / 23 / -0.02 / 1.67 / 0.19 / 1.49 / 0.11 / -0.20<δ+0.16 / 2993
Mix
Intermittent / 3 / -0.48 / 6.53 / 0.28 / 6.25 / 0.04 / -1.08<δ+0.13 / 136
Continuous / 9 / -0.30 / 0.38 / 0.59 / -- / -- / -0.81<δ+0.20 / 256
Music
Intermittent / 2 / +1.61 / Davenport (1972) expt 1a, g= +1.53 expt 1b, g= +1.69 / 48
Continuous / 3 / -1.12 / 1.99 / 31.04 / -- / -- / -7.42<δ+5.19 / 96
Speed
No Speech
Intermittent / 13 / +1.74 / 13.61 / 0.17 / 13.44 / 0.01 / +1.52<δ+1.96 / 3069
Intermittent* / 9 / +0.49 / 0.40 / 0.13 / 0.27 / 0.32 / +0.25δ+0.72 / 459
Continuous / 25 / -0.06 / 0.27 / 0.13 / 0.14 / 0.49 / -0.20<δ+0.09 / 924
Speech
Intermittent / 11 / +0.76 / 17.61 / 0.23 / 17.38 / 0.01 / +0.47<δ+1.05 / 403
Intermittent* / 9 / -0.04 / 0.75 / 0.21 / 0.54 / 0.28 / -0.34<δ+0.26 / 355
Continuous / 2 / -.019 / Smith-Jackson & Klein (2009) g=-0.08; Kjellberg et al. (2008) g=-0.30 / 86
Mix
Intermittent / 0
Continuous / 1 / -0.77 / Evens et al. (1996) / 80
Music
Intermittent / 1 / +1.38 / Davenport (1972) expt 1b / 24
Continuous / 1 / 0.17 / Van Gemmert & Van Galen (1997) / 18

*outliers removed

Table A5.

Schedule x Noise Type x Task: Perceptual

Schedule / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
No Speech
Intermittent / 7 / +0.22 / 5.24 / 0.11 / 5.13 / 0.02 / -0.03δ+0.46 / 3000
Intermittent* / 6 / +0.22 / 0.01 / 0.06 / -- / -- / +0.03δ+0.42 / 2999
Continuous / 29 / -0.04 / 0.27 / 0.14 / 0.13 / 0.51 / -0.18<δ+0.10 / 1075
Speech
Intermittent / 2 / -1.69 / Smith-Jackson & Klein (2009) g=-0.42; Wong et al. (2009) g=-2.26 / 78
Continuous / 3 / -0.70 / 0.13 / 0.18 / -- / -- / -1.19δ-0.22 / 150
Mix
Intermittent / 0
Continuous / 2 / -0.54 / Evans et al. (1996), g= -0.77 / 170
Loewen & Suedfeld (1992), g=+0.13
Music
Intermittent / 2 / +1.50 / Davenport (1972) expt 1a, g=+ 1.53 expt 1b, g= +1.48 / 48
Continuous / 0

*outliers removed

Table A6.

Schedule x Noise Type x Task: Cognitive

Schedule / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
No Speech
Intermittent / 27 / -0.02 / 1.66 / 0.18 / 1.48 / .11 / -0.18<δ+0.14 / 1323
Intermittent* / 21 / -0.29 / 0.07 / 0.25 / -- / -- / -0.51δ-0.08 / 1032
Continuous / 60 / -0.24 / 0.91 / 0.21 / 0.70 / .23 / -0.36<δ<-0.13 / 2595
Speech
Intermittent / 95 / -0.80 / 1.45 / 0.79 / 0.66 / 0.54 / -0.98<δ<-0.63 / 3791
Intermittent* / 91 / -0.83 / 0.31 / 0.77 / -- / -- / -1.01<δ-0.65 / 3659
Continuous / 22 / -0.01 / 1.71 / 0.18 / 1.53 / 0.10 / -0.19<δ+0.16 / 2943
Continuous* / 20 / -0.73 / 0.18 / 0.24 / -- / -- / -0.94<δ-0.52 / 2619
Mix
Intermittent / 2 / -0.48 / Knez & Hygge (2002), g= -0.48 / 116
Salame & Wittersheim (1978), g= -0.98
Continuous / 7 / -0.25 / 0.13 / 0.63 / -- / -- / -0.84<δ+0.34 / 206
Music
Intermittent / 0
Continuous / 3 / -1.12 / 1.99 / 31.04 / -- / -- / -7.42<δ+5.19 / 96

*outliers removed

Table A7

Schedule x Noise Type x Task: Motor

Schedule / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
No Speech
Intermittent / 4 / -0.39 / 0.31 / 0.07 / 0.24 / 0.22 / -0.65<δ<-0.14 / 226
Continuous / 7 / -0.15 / 0.43 / 0.65 / -- / -- / -0.74<δ+0.45 / 149
Speech
Intermittent / 0
Continuous / 0
Mix
Intermittent / 0
Continuous / 0
Music
Intermittent / 0
Continuous / 1 / -0.77 / Van Gemmert & Van Galen (1997) / 18

Table A8.

Schedule x Noise Type x Task: Communication

Schedule / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
No Speech
Intermittent / 2 / -0.44 / Boggs & Simon (1968), g= -1.92 / 104
Armstrong & Greenberg (1990) g= -0.44
Continuous / 5 / -0.42 / 0.07 / 0.23 / -- / -- / -0.84<δ<+0.01 / 194
Speech
Intermittent / 6 / -0.26 / 0.13 / 0.65 / -- / -- / -0.91<δ+0.38 / 157
Continuous / 1 / -0.35 / Veitch (1990) / 100
Mix
Intermittent / 1 / -7.64 / Chatterjee & Krishnamurty (1972) / 20
Continuous / 2 / -0.99 / Chatterjee & Krishnamurty (1972), g= -3.91 / 110
Loewen & Suedfeld (1992), g= -0.99
Music
Intermittent / 0
Continuous / 1 / +0.65 / Van Gemmert & Van Galen (1997) / 18

Table A9.

Intensity x Duration x Schedule: dB experimental

Intensity / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
Short Duration
Intermittent
Low / 26 / -1.58 / 0.77 / 0.79 / -- / -- / -1.92δ-1.24 / 932
High / 8 / -0.42 / 0.06 / 0.10 / -- / -- / -0.64<δ-0.20 / 429
Continuous
Low / 2 / -1.03 / LeCompte (1995) expt 3, g= -1.19, expt 4, g=-0.65 / 116
High / 2 / -0.12 / Breen-Lewis & Wilding (1984) g=+0.67; Davies & Jones (1975) g=-0.92 / 80
Long Duration
Intermittent
Low / 3 / -0.70 / 0.19 / 0.28 / -- / -- / -1.30<δ-0.11 / 152
High / 2 / -0.24 / Boggs & Simon (1968) g=-1.92; Fisher (1972) g=+0.29 / 60
Continuous
Low / 11 / -0.14 / 0.27 / 0.14 / 0.13 / 0.52 / -0.36<δ+0.08 / 547
High / 35 / -0.29 / 0.43 / 0.18 / 0.25 / 0.42 / -0.43δ-0.15 / 1290

Table A10.

Intensity x Duration x Schedule: dB difference

Intensity / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
Short Duration
Intermittent
Low / 2 / -1.43 / Campbell et al. 2002), expt 1, g= -1.20, expt 2, g=-1.66 / 48
High / 5 / -0.62 / <0.001 / 0.12 / -- / -- / -0.93δ-0.32 / 270
Continuous
Low / 1 / +0.67 / Breen-Lewis & Wilding (1984) / 40
High / 1 / -0.92 / Davies & Jones (1975) / 40
Long Duration
Intermittent
Low / 0
High / 3 / -0.70 / 0.19 / 0.28 / -- / -- / -1.29δ-0.10 / 152
Continuous
Low / 20 / +0.03 / 0.45 / 0.15 / 0.30 / 0.34 / -0.14<δ+0.20 / 759
High / 12 / -0.63 / 0.18 / 0.24 / -- / -- / -0.91δ-0.35 / 328

Table A11.

Intensity x Duration x Noise Type: dB experimental

Intensity / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
Short Duration
No Speech
Low / 3 / -0.88 / 0.02 / 19.85 / -- / -- / -5.93<δ+4.16 / 67
High / 8 / -0.35 / 0.20 / 0.08 / 0.12 / 0.42 / -0.55<δ-0.15 / 460
Speech
Low / 21 / -1.58 / 0.53 / 0.68 / -- / -- / -1.94<δ-1.23 / 817
High / 1 / -0.52 / Tafalla & Evans (1997) / 29
Mix
Low / 0
High / 0
Music
Low / 2 / +1.50 / Davenport (1972) expt 1a, g= 1.53 expt 1b, g= 1.48 / 48
High / 0
Long duration
No Speech
Low / 11 / -0.14 / 0.27 / 0.14 / 0.13 / 0.51 / -0.36<δ<+0.08 / 589
High / 32 / -0.25 / 0.51 / 0.15 / 0.36 / 0.30 / -0.39<δ-0.12 / 1108
Speech
Low / 4 / -0.93 / 0.10 / 0.36 / -- / -- / -1.52<δ-0.34 / 202
High / 4 / -0.93 / 0.07 / 36.90 / -- / -- / -6.88<δ+5.02 / 156
Mix
Low / 1 / -0.18 / Wohlwill et al. (1976) / 40
High / 1 / -0.12 / Starnes & Loeb (2001) / 82
Music
Low / 0
High / 3 / -1.12 / 1.99 / 31.04 / -- / -- / -7.42<δ+5.19 / 96

Table A12.

Summary Results for Intensity x duration x Noise Type: dB Difference

Intensity / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
Short Duration
No Speech
Low / 1 / +0.67 / Breen-Lewis & Wilding (1984) / 40
High / 4 / -0.70 / 0.02 / 0.09 / -- / -- / -1.00<δ-0.40 / 261
Speech
Low / 2 / -1.43 / Campbell et al. (2002), expt 1, g= -1.20,expt 2, g= -1.66 / 48
High / 1 / -0.52 / Tafalla & Evans (1997) / 29
Mix
Low / 0
High / 1 / -0.98 / Salame & Wittersheim (1978) / 20
Music
Low / 0
High / 0
Long duration
No Speech
Low / 19 / +0.03 / 0.46 / 0.15 / 0.30 / 0.34 / -0.15<δ+0.20 / 709
High / 12 / -0.43 / 0.19 / 0.26 / -- / -- / -0.71<δ<-0.14 / 360
Speech
Low / 1 / -0.35 / Veitch (1990) / 50
High / 3 / -0.97 / 0.17 / 0.28 / -- / -- / -1.57δ-0.37 / 152
Mix
Low / 0
High / 2 / -0.77 / Evans et al. (1996), g= -0.77; / 100
Salame & Wittersheim (1978) g= -1.11
Music
Low / 0
High / 0

Table A13.

Intensity x Duration x Task: dB experimental

Intensity / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
Short Duration
Perceptual
Low / 2 / +1.50 / Davenport (1972) expt 1a, g= +1.53 expt 1b, g= +1.48 / 48
High / 0
Cognitive
Low / 24 / -1.58 / 0.57 / 0.76 / -- / -- / -1.93<δ<-1.23 / 884
High / 8 / -0.22 / 0.23 / 0.12 / 0.10 / 0.54 / -0.46<δ+0.03 / 317
Motor
Low / 0
High / 0
Communication
Low / 0
High / 0
Long duration
Perceptual
Low / 5 / +0.15 / 0.08 / 0.12 / -- / -- / -0.15<δ<+0.44 / 246
High / 12 / -0.38 / 0.41 / 0.21 / 0.20 / 0.51 / -0.64<δ<-0.12 / 480
Cognitive
Low / 8 / -0.28 / 0.53 / 0.14 / 0.39 / 0.26 / -0.54<δ-0.02 / 480
High / 20 / -0.22 / 0.54 / 0.16 / 0.39 / 0.29 / -0.39<δ-0.5 / 875
Motor
Low / 0
High / 1 / +0.29 / Fisher (1972) / 12
Communication
Low / 0
High / 1 / -1.92 / Boggs & Simon (1968) / 48

Table A14.

Intensity x Duration x Task: dB difference

Intensity / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
Short Duration
Perceptual
Low / 0
High / 0
Cognitive
Low / 3 / +0.63 / 1.93 / 0.34 / 1.60 / 0.17 / -0.02<δ+1.29 / 88
High / 4 / -0.76 / 0.04 / 0.27 / -- / -- / -1.27<δ<-0.25 / 118
Motor
Low / 0
High / 2 / -0.64 / Bell (1978), g= -0.64; Loeb & Jones (1978), g= -0.41 / 192
Communication
Low / 0
High / 0
Long duration
Perceptual
Low / 8 / +0.17 / 0.18 / 0.08 / 0.01 / 0.97 / -0.12<δ+0.46 / 280
High / 6 / -0.63 / 0.27 / 0.24 / 0.04 / 0.87 / -1.02<δ<-0.24 / 148
Cognitive
Low / 9 / +0.10 / 0.68 / 0.14 / 0.54 / 0.20 / -0.14<δ+0.34 / 378
High / 8 / -0.62 / 0.16 / 0.22 / -- / - / -0.95<δ< -0.30 / 323
Motor
Low / 3 / -0.73 / 0.76 / 16.78 / -- / -- / -5.36<δ+3.91 / 75
High / 2 / +0.45 / Allen et al. (1971), g= 0.16;Dean & McGlothen (1965), g= 0.75 / 19
Communication
Low / 3 / -0.24 / 0.11 / 0.09 / 0.02 / 0.82 / -0.58<δ+0.10 / 170
High / 0

Table A15.

Intensity x Duration x DV: dB experimental

Intensity / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
Short Duration
Accuracy
Low / 26 / -1.71 / 0.97 / 0.67 / 0.30 / 0.69 / -2.02<δ<-1.39 / 936
High / 9 / -0.39 / 0.22 / 0.10 / 0.12 / 0.45 / -0.60<δ-0.19 / 480
Speed
Low / 3 / +1.13 / 0.14 / 0.59 / -- / -- / +0.26<δ+2.00 / 73
High / 4 / +0.10 / 0.18 / 0.12 / 0.07 / 0.64 / -0.24<δ+0.43 / 145
Long Duration
Accuracy
Low / 14 / -0.53 / 0.67 / 0.21 / 0.46 / 0.31 / -0.77<δ<-0.29 / 689
High / 30 / -0.26 / 0.54 / 0.32 / 0.22 / 0.59 / -0.46<δ<-0.06 / 1064
Speed
Low / 4 / 0.56 / 0.13 / 0.09 / 0.04 / 0.70 / +0.26<δ<+0.86 / 284
High / 10 / -0.34 / 0.27 / 0.12 / 0.15 / 0.45 / -0.55<δ<-0.12 / 354

Table A16.

Intensity x Duration x DV: dB difference

Intensity / k / / / / / / 95% CI / N
Short Duration
Accuracy
Low / 3 / +0.63 / 1.93 / 0.34 / 1.60 / 0.17 / -0.02<δ+1.29 / 88
High / 5 / -0.73 / 0.02 / 0.10 / -- / -- / -1.01<δ<-0.45 / 285
Speed
Low / 0
High / 2 / -0.52 / Tafalla & Evans (1997), g= -0.52; Weinstein (1974), g= -0.23 / 54
Long Duration
Accuracy
Low / 17 / +0.01 / 0.54 / 0.12 / 0.43 / 0.21 / -0.15<δ+0.17 / 627
High / 12 / -1.34 / 0.75 / 0.44 / 0.31 / 0.59 / -1.71<δ<-0.96 / 336
Speed
Low / 5 / +0.09 / 0.33 / 0.08 / 0.25 / 0.23 / -0.15<δ+0.33 / 260
High / 7 / -0.16 / 0.57 / 0.12 / 0.45 / 0.21 / -0.42<δ+0.09 / 334