Synchrotron radiation in the condensed matter research
(Specialty course, 5 year, 9, 10 semesters)
The goal of studying the course
To acquaint the students with the problems of generation of electromagnetic radiation during the motion of relativistic electrons in the tangent magnetic field of a storage, and also in the special devices – wigglers and undulators.
To acquaint with basic theoretical descriptions of the properties of synchrotron radiation.
To give the ideas on the elements of the accelerator techniques, to acquaint with different generations of SR sources, lasers on free electrons. To show general mechanisms of interaction of x-ray radiation with the substance. The basic principles are described of monochromatization of the x-ray radiation by monocrystals, and also the description of detectors for measuring characteristics of radiation is given: (energetic, space and temporary) spectrum. There are given the descriptions of different methods of research of condensed environment with the help of SR (methods of photoelectron spectroscopy, EXAFS-spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy). It is given the results of using SR for technological goals in the region of creating nanostructure systems.
The content of the course
(32 lecturesfor 2 hours.)
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS AND TECHNIQUE OF SR.
Synchrotron radiation, general notions, historical way, the place in modern researches.
MAIN PROPERTIES OFSR.
Synchrotron radiation, description of general properties on the base of the kinematical principles of special theory of relativity.
Theory of the synchrotron radiation on the base of the principles of relativistic electrodynamics. Derivation of main formulasdescribing the spectralangular distribution. The properties of SRused by the solid state spectroscopy.
GENERATION OF UNDULATOR RADIATION
Теория ондуляторного излучения, вывод основных формул, описывающих спектрально-угловые распределения. Отличие его от синхротронного излучения. Типы ондуляторов и вигглеров, используемые в спектроскопии твердого тела.
Theory of theondulatorradiation, derivation of key formulas describing spectralangular distributions. Its difference from the synchrotron radiation. Types of ondulators and vigglersused in the solid state spectroscopy.
THE BASICS OF ACCELERATING TECHNIQUE
Elements of the physics of accelerators. Main ideas of the physics of beams of charged particles, specialized sources of SR, their classification. Comparative characteristics of the SR sources.
TRANSPORTATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF SR BEAMS.
Output of the SR beam from the storage. The structure of storage channels, main principles of their building.
Forming SR beams, spatial focusing in different spectral ranges. Methods of the monochromatization. Diffraction lattices, mirrors. Principles of building monochromators and their general characteristics.
ELEMENTS OF HARWARE CONSTRUCTION ON THE SR BEAMS.
Main principles of constructing experimental devices on the SR beams for researching the condensed matter. Advatanges of SR in comparison to other sources of radiation.
INTERACTION OF X-RAY RADIATION WITH THE SUBSTANCE.
Photoabsorption, Compton scattering, cross-sections dependence on energies. Coherent scattering of the x-ray radiation.
Dynamical theory of x-ray scattering on crystals. The basic equation for internal fields, dispersion surface for two-wave diffractions, Born effect. Pendulum solution for intensity of the passed and diffracted wave, eigenwidths of the passed and diffracted radiation.
BASIC NODES OF EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATIONS.
Main principles of building x-ray monochromators -– one -–and two-crystal. Energyresolution of the monochromator, spectral interval, Du Mond diagrams for different types of monochromators.
Detectors for registration of x-ray radiation, main types (gas-filled, semiconductor, scintillator), their main parameters, examples of building the measuring systems.
GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL METHODS OF RESEARCHING CONDENSED MATTER USING THE SR BEAMS.
Main methods of the photoelectron spectroscopy, domains of application, experimental devices, analysis of experimental data from different regions of investigations.
Method of EXAFS of spectroscopy in the structure researches, mechanism of the origin of the fine structure, fundamental experimental schemes and fundamental experimental results of researches in the domain of physics of materials, biology, physics of the solid state. Method of the infrared spectroscopy, general principles, equipment, detectors.
USING SR FOR THE APPLIED PURPOSES
Using SR in the x-ray- fluorescence analysis, schemes of building, limits of registration.
Using SR in the micro-electronics and medicine.