SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article:

Appendix S1. Examples of the two habitat types. A) Mango orchard with rows of Casuarina windbreaks, B) adjacent bushveld habitat, with windbreaks in background and C) aerial view of the two habitat types with mango orchards above and bushveld below.

Appendix S2. Bird species recorded and their respective qualitative traits as used in RQL analysis.

Species / Feeding Ecology / Foraging Strategy
Alopochen aegyptiacus / Herbivory / Ground
Apalis flavida / Insectivory / Gleans
Apalis thoracica / Insectivory / Gleans
Batis molitor / Insectivory / Hawk-Gleans
Bostrychia hagedash / Insectivory / Ground
Bubulcus ibis / Carnivory / Ground
Bycanistes bucinator / Frugivory / Frugivory
Calamonastes stierlingi / Insectivory / Gleans
Chalcomitra senegalensis / Nectivore/Insectivore / Nectivore
Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus / Insectivory / Gleans
Cinnyris mariquensis / Nectivore / Nectivore
Cinnyris talatala / Nectivore / Nectivore
Cisticola chiniana / Insectivory / Ground
Colius striatus / Frugivory / Frugivory
Corythaixoides concolor / Frugivory / Frugivory
Cossypha heuglini / Insectivory / Ground
Cossypha humeralis / Insectivory / Ground
Crithagra mozambica / Granivory / Ground
Dendropicos fuscescens / Insectivory / Bark
Dendropicos namaquus / Insectivory / Bark
Dicrurus adsimilis / Insectivory / Hawks
Dryoscopus cubla / Insectivory / Gleans
Emberiza flaviventris / Granivory/Insectivory / Ground
Erythropygia leucophrys / Insectivory / Ground
Estrilda astrild / Granivory / Ground
Eurocephalus anguitimens / Insectivory / Perch and Swoop
Francolinus sephaena / Granivory/Insectivory / Ground
Halcyon albiventris / Insectivory/Carnivory / Ground
Hedydipna collaris / Insectivory/Nectivore / Gleans
Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus / Insectivory / Gleans
Cinnyris mariquensis / Nectivore / Nectivore
Cinnyris talatala / Nectivore / Nectivore
Cisticola chiniana / Insectivory / Ground
Colius striatus / Frugivory / Frugivory
Corythaixoides concolor / Frugivory / Frugivory
Cossypha heuglini / Insectivory / Ground
Cossypha humeralis / Insectivory / Ground
Crithagra mozambica / Granivory / Ground
Dendropicos fuscescens / Insectivory / Bark
Dendropicos namaquus / Insectivory / Bark
Dicrurus adsimilis / Insectivory / Hawks
Dryoscopus cubla / Insectivory / Gleans
Emberiza flaviventris / Granivory/Insectivory / Ground
Erythropygia leucophrys / Insectivory / Ground
Estrilda astrild / Granivory / Ground
Eurocephalus anguitimens / Insectivory / Perch and Swoop
Francolinus sephaena / Granivory/Insectivory / Ground
Halcyon albiventris / Insectivory/Carnivory / Ground
Hedydipna collaris / Insectivory/Nectivore / Gleans
Lagonosticta rhodopareia / Granivory / Ground
Lagonosticta rubricata / Granivory / Ground
Lagonosticta senegala / Granivory / Ground
Lamprotornis australis / Insectivory / Ground
Lamprotornis chalybaeus / Granivory/Insectivory / Ground
Laniarius ferrugineus / Insectivory / Hawks
Lybius torquatus / Frugivory / Frugivory
Malaconotus blanchoti / Insectivory / Perch and Swoop
Nilaus afer / Insectivory / Gleans
Numida meleagris / Granivory / Ground
Oriolus larvatus / Insectivory / Gleans
Parus niger / Insectivory / Bark
Phoeniculus purpureus / Insectivory / Bark/Glean
Phyllastrephus terrestris / Insectivory / Ground
Ploceus ocularis / Insectivory / Bark
Pogoniulus chrysoconus / Frugivory / Frugivory
Prinia subflava / Insectivory / Hawks
Pternistis natalensis / Granivory/Frugivory / Ground
Pternistis swainsonii / Granivory/Frugivory / Ground
Pycnonotus trilolor / Frugivory / Frugivory
Streptopelia capicola / Granivory / Ground
Streptopelia semitorquata / Granivory / Ground
Streptopelia senegalensis / Granivory / Ground
Sylvietta rufescens / Insectivory / Gleans
Tauraco corythaix / Frugivory / Frugivory
Tauraco porphyreolophus / Frugivory / Frugivory
Tchagra australis / Insectivory / Ground
Tchagra senegala / Insectivory / Ground
Telophorus viridis / Insectivory / Darting/Gleans
Tockus leucomelas / Insectivory/Fruigivore / Ground
Tockus rufirostris / Insectivory / Ground
Treron calvus / Frugivory / Frugivory
Tricholaema leucomelas / Frugivory / Frugivory
Turdoides jardineii / Insectivory / Gleans
Turdus libonyanus / Insectivory / Ground
Turdus olivaceus / Insectivory / Ground
Turtur chalcospilos / Granivory / Ground
Turtur tympanistria / Granivory/Frugivory / Ground
Upupa africana / Insectivory / Ground
Uraeginthus angolensis / Granivory / Ground
Urocolius indicus / Frugivory / Frugivory
Vanellus armatus / Insectivory / Ground
Vidua chalybeata / Granivory / Ground
Zosterops pallidus / Frugivory/Insectivory / Gleans


Appendix S3. Summary of habitat variables measured at each census point according to habitat type.

Bushveld / Mango
Mean / SD / Range / Mean / SD / Range
Grass height (≤0.25m) / 0.12 / 0.10 / 0.05-0.25 / 0.17 / 0.05 / 0.05-0.25
Grass height (>0.25m) / 0.69 / 0.29 / 0.3-2.5 / 0.56 / 0.22 / 0.1-1.8
Herbaceous plant height (m) / 0.48 / 0.34 / 0.03-4.5 / 0.38 / 0.23 / 0.05-2.1
Scrub (Woody plants) height (m) / 1.92 / 0.83 / 0.25-6 / 1.07 / 0.61 / 0.05-2.5
Tree height (m) / 4.16 / 2.70 / 1.5-16 / 4.88 / 4.71 / 1.1-25
Max. height (m) / 4.23 / 2.45 / 0.2-16 / 4.88 / 4.71 / 1.1-25
Bare Ground / 20% / 22% / 0-100% / 51% / 27% / 0-100%
Grass cover (≤0.25m) / 10% / 13% / 0-80% / 25% / 21% / 0-95%
Grass cover (>0.25m) / 33% / 22% / 0-95% / 14% / 15% / 0-70%
Herbaceous cover (≤0.50m ) / 7% / 8% / 0-60% / 6% / 7% / 0-45%
Herbaceous cover (>0.50m ) / 7% / 11% / 0-100% / 3% / 8% / 0-80%
Scrub cover (Woody plants 0–2m) / 23% / 18% / 0-75% / 1% / 7% / 0-95%
Scrub cover (Woody plants 3–4m) / 13% / 21% / 0-80% / 0% / 5% / 0-95%
Scrub cover (Woody plants 5–6m) / 1% / 5% / 0-60% / 0% / 3% / 0-45%
Tree cover (2–5m) / 27% / 23% / 0-90% / 31% / 15% / 0-85%
Tree cover (6–10m) / 13% / 21% / 0-95% / 4% / 10% / 0-65%
Tree cover (11-5m) / 2% / 9% / 0-70% / 4% / 10% / 0-70%
Tree cover (16-20m) / 0% / 5% / 0-65% / 3% / 8% / 0-60%
Tree cover (>25m) / 0% / 0% / 0-1% / 0% / 2% / 0-25%
Foliage Height Diversity / 1.36 / 0.41 / 0-2.10 / 1.15 / 0.33 / 0-2.20

Appendix S4. Bird species found across the 8 sampling sites.

Latin Name / Common Name
Alcedo cristata / Malachite kingfisher
Alopochen aegyptiacus / Egyptian goose
Amaurornis flavirostra / Black crake
Amblyospiza albifrons / Thick-billed weaver
Anaplectes rubriceps / Red-headed weaver
Andropadus importunus / Sombre greenbul
Anhinga rufa / African darter
Anthoscopus minutus / Grey penduline-tit
Anthus caffer / Bushveld pipit
Apalis flavida / Yellow-breasted apalis
Apalis thoracica / Bar-throated apalis
Ardea cinerea / Grey heron
Ardea goliath / Goliath heron
Ardea melanocephala / Black-headed heron
Ardea purpurea / Purple heron
Batis capensis / Cape batis
Batis molitor / Chinspot batis
Bostrychia hagedash / Hadeda ibis
Bradornis pallidus / Pale flycatcher
Bubalornis niger / Red-billed buffalo-weaver
Bubulcus ibis / Cattle egret
Buphagus erythrorhynchus / Red-billed oxpecker
Butorides striata / Striated heron
Bycanistes bucinator / Trumpeter hornbill
Calamonastes stierlingi / Stierling's wren-warbler
Cameroptera brachyura / Green-backed cameroptera
Campephaga flava / Black cuckooshrike
Campethera abingoni / Golden-tailed woodpecker
Centropus burchelli / Burchell's coucal
Ceryle rudis / Pied kingfisher
Chalcometra amethystina / Amethyst sunbird
Chalcomitra senegalensis / Scarlet-chested sunbird
Charadrius tricollaris / Three-banded plover
Chlorocichla flaviventris / Yellow-bellied greenbul
Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus / Orange-breasted bushshrike
Chrysococcyx capriu / Diederick's cuckoo
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster / Violet-backed starling
Cinnyris mariquensis / Marico sunbird
Cinnyris talatala / White-bellied sunbird
Cisticola chiniana / Rattling cisticola
Cisticola erythrops / Red-faced cisticola
Cisticola juncidis / Zitting cisticola
Clamator levaillantii / Levaillant's cuckoo
Colius striatus / Speckled mousebird
Coracias caudatus / Lilac-breasted roller
Corvinella melanoleuca / Magpie shrike
Corvus albus / Pied crow
Corythaixoides concolor / Grey go-away-bird
Cossypha heuglini / White-browed robin-chat
Cossypha humeralis / White-throated robin-chat
Crithagra gularis / Streaky-headed seedeater
Crithagra mozambica / Yellow-fronted canary
Dendrocygna viduata / White-faced whistling-duck
Dendropicos fuscescens / Cardinal woodpecker
Dendropicos namaquus / Bearded woodpecker
Dicrurus adsimilis / Fork-tailed drongo
Dryoscopus cubla / Black-backed puffback
Emberiza flaviventris / Golden-breasted bunting
Empidonax oberholseri / Dusky flycatcher
Eremomela icteropygialis / Yellow-bellied eromomella
Eremomela usticollis / Burnt-necked eromomela
Erythropygia leucophrys / White-browed scrub-robin
Erythropygia quadrivirgata / Bearded scrub-robin
Estrilda astrild / Common waxbill
Eurocephalus anguitimens / Southern white-crowned shrike
Francolinus sephaena / Crested francolin
Halcyon albiventris / Brown-hooded kingfisher
Halcyon chelicuti / Striped kingfisher
Halcyon senegalensis / Woodland kingfisher
Hedydipna collaris / Collared sunbird
Indicator indicator / Greater honeyguide
Indicator minor / Lesser honeyguide
Lagonosticta rhodopareia / Jameson's firefinch
Lagonosticta rubricata / African firefinch
Lagonosticta senegala / Red-billed firefinch
Lamprotornis australis / Burchell's starling
Lamprotornis chalybaeus / Greater blue-eared starling
Lamprotornis nitens / Cape glossy starling
Laniarius ferrugineus / Southern boubou
Lanius collurio / Red-backed shrike
Lanius minor / Lesser grey shrike
Lissotis melanogaster / Black-bellied bustard
Lonchura cucullata / Bronze manikin
Lybius torquatus / Black-collared barbet
Macronyx croceus / Yellow-throated longclaw
Malaconotus blanchoti / Grey-headed bushshrike
Megaceryle maxima / Giant kingfisher
Melaenornis pammelaina / Southern black flycatcher
Motacilla aguimp / African pied wagtail
Muscicapa caerulescens / Ashy flycatcher
Muscicapa striata / Spotted flycatcher
Myioparus plumbeus / Grey tit-flycatcher
Nilaus afer / Brubru
Numida meleagris / Helmeted guineafowl
Oriolus larvatus / Black-headed oriole
Parus niger / Southern black tit
Passer diffusus / Southern grey-headed sparrow
Phalacrocorax africanus / Reed cormorant
Phalacrocorax lucidus / White-breasted cormorant
Phoeniculus purpureus / Green wood-hoopoe
Phyllastrephus terrestris / Terrestrial brownbul
Plectropterus gambensis / Spur-winged goose
Ploceus cucullatus / Village weaver
Ploceus intermedius / Lesser masked weaver
Ploceus ocularis / Spectacled weaver
Pogoniulus chrysoconus / Yellow-fronted tinkerbird
Prinia subflava / Tawny-flanked prinia
Prionops plumatus / White-crested helmetshrike
Prionops plumatus / Crested helmetshrike
Prionops retzii / Retz's helmetshrike
Prodotiscus regulus / Brown-backed honeybird
Psophocichla litsitsirupa / Groundscraper thrush
Pternistis natalensis / Natal spurfowl
Pternistis swainsonii / Swainson's spurfowl
Pycnonotus trilolor / Dark-capped bulbul
Pytilia melba / Green-winged pytillia
Quelea quelea / Red billed quelea
Rhinopomastus cyanomelas / Common scimitarbill
Scopus umbretta / Hamerkop
Sigelus silens / Fiscal flycatcher
Streptopelia capicola / Cape turtle-dove
Streptopelia semitorquata / Red-eyed dove
Streptopelia senegalensis / Laughing dove
Sylvietta rufescens / Long-billed crombec
Tauraco corythaix / Knysna turaco
Tauraco porphyreolophus / Purple-crested turaco
Tchagra australis / Brown-crowned tchagra
Tchagra senegala / Black-crowned tchagra
Telophorus viridis / Gorgeous bushshrike
Terpsiphone viridis / African paradise-flycatcher
Tockus leucomelas / Southern yellow-billed hornbill
Tockus nasutus / Grey hornbill
Tockus rufirostris / Southern red-billed hornbill
Trachyphonus vaillantii / Crested barbet
Treron calvus / African green pigeon
Tricholaema leucomelas / Acacia-pied barbet
Turdoides jardineii / Arrow-marked babbeler
Turdus libonyanus / Kurrichane thrush
Turdus olivaceus / Olive thrush
Turnix sylvatica / Common buttonquail
Turtur chalcospilos / Emerald-spotted wood-dove
Turtur tympanistria / Tambourine dove
Upupa africana / African hoopoe
Uraeginthus angolensis / Blue waxbill
Urocolius indicus / Red-faced mousebird
Vanellus armatus / Blacksmith lapwing
Vanellus coronatus / Crowned lapwing
Vanellus senegallus / African wattled lapwing
Vidua chalybeata / Village indigobird
Zosterops pallidus / Cape white eye

Appendix S5. Species accumulation curves for both bushveld and mango habitats.

Appendix S6. Asymptotic species richness estimated by the Chao1non-parametric richness estimator for the species richness and Cole’s rarefaction values within bushveld and mango sites