SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE II. Risk of Paternal Age at Childbearing on Autism Spectrum Disorder

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE II. Risk of paternal age at childbearing on autism spectrum disorder in offspring from studies employing 5-year age categories.

Study / Psychiatric disorder / N / Outcome measure / Age category (years)
<20 / 20-24 / 25-29 / 30-34 / 35-39 / 40-44 / 45-49 / 50-54 / 55-59 / 60-64
Frans et al. [2013] / AD / Cases: 5,933
Controls: 30,904 / OR / 1.00 (0.71-1.40) / 1.00 / 1.06 (0.95-1.19) / 1.18 (1.04-1.33) / 1.24 (1.08-1.42) / 1.45 (1.23-1.71) / 1.83 (1.46-2.30) / 2.26 (1.61-3.18)
Grether et al. [2009]* / AD / Cases: 20,701
Controls: 6,506,555 / OR / 0.76 (0.67-0.85) / 0.89 (0.84-0.94) / 1.00 / 1.12 (1.07-1.17) / 1.23 (1.17-1.30) / 1.39 (1.30-1.47) / 1.41 (1.29-1.54) / 1.53 (1.32-1.77) / 1.35 (1.02-1.77) / 2.05 (1.38-3.05)
Lampi et al. [2013] / AD / Cases: 1,132
Controls: 4,528 / OR / 0.4 (0.1-2.4) / 1.1 (0.7- 1.6) / 1.00 / 1.2 (0.9-1.5) / 1.4 (1.1- 2.0) / 1.6 (1.1-2.3) / 1.7 (0.6-4.6)
McGrath et al. [2014] / AD / Cases: 2,669
2,894,688 individuals followed / IRR / 0.54 (0.24-1.05) / 1.00 (0.84-1.20) / 1.00 / 1.06 (0.96-1.18) / 1.09 (0.95-1.24) / 1.42 (1.19-1.69) / 1.80 (1.42-2.25)
Sandin et al. [2015] / AD / Cases: 10,128
4,751,656 individuals were followed / RR / 1.05 (0.78-1.40) / 1.00 / 1.11 (1.06-1.17) / 1.52 (1.40-1.64) / 2.05 (1.75-2.41)
Lampi et al. [2013] / Asperger’s syndrome / Cases: 1,785
Controls: 7,140 / OR / 0.7 (0.2-2.3) / 0.9 (0.7-1.3) / 1.00 / 1.0 (0.9-1.3) / 1.0 (0.8-1.2) / 1.3 (0.98-1.7) / 1.1 (0.5-2.2)
Lampi et al. [2013] / PDD-NOS / Cases: 1,796
Controls: 7,184 / OR / 1.6 (0.7-3.8) / 0.9 (0.7-1.2) / 1.00 / 1.0 (0.9-1.3) / 1.1 (0.8-1.3) / 1.2 (0.9-1.6) / 1.6 (0.8-3.2)
Bilder et al. [2009]* / ASD / Cases: 110
Controls: 11,889 / OR / 1.044 (0.703–1.549) / 1.00 / 1.281 (0.541–3.032)
Buizer-Voskamp et al. [2011] / ASD / Cases: 2,262
Controls: 9,048 / OR / 0.37 (0.11-1.20) / 0.75 (0.60-0.95) / 1.00 / 1.00 (0.89-1.13) / 1.07 (0.93-1.23) / 1.23 (1.01-1.50)
Durkin et al. [2008]* / ASD / Cases: 1,251
Controls: 253,347 / OR / 0.6 (0.4-1.0) / 0.9 (0.7-1.1) / 1.00 / 1.0 (0.9-1.2) / 1.0 (0.9- 1.3) / 1.4 (1.1-1.8)
Glasson et al. [2004]* / ASD / Cases: 456
Controls: 1,313 / OR / NR / NR / 1.00 / NR / NR
Lundström et al. [2010]*
(CATSS) / ASD / Cases: 164
Controls: 10,858 / OR / 1.93 (.87–4.30) / 1.00 / 1.21 (.79–1.85) / 1.90 (.73–4.92) / 3.37 (1.02–11.14)
Lundström et al. [2010]*
(TEDS) / ASD / Cases: 66
Controls: 11,492 / OR / 1.91 (.88–4.17) / 1.00 / .81 (.41–1.58) / 1.66 (.47–5.82) / 3.59 (.37–34.46)
Reichenberg et al. [2006]* / ASD / Cases: 110
Controls: 132,161 / OR / 1.00 / 1.62 (0.99-2.65) / 5.57 (2.65-12.46) / X
Sandin et al. [2015] / ASD / Cases: 30,902
5,766,794 individuals were followed / RR / 1.08 (0.92-1.27) / 1.00 / 1.05 (1.02-1.08) / 1.28 (1.22-1.34) / 1.66 (1.49-1.85)
Sasanfar et al. [2010]* / ASD / Cases: 179
Controls: 549,354 / OR / 0.912 (0.453-1.837) / 1.00 / 1.046 (0.690-1.586) / 1.435 (0.860-2.395) / 2.026 (1.100-3.728)
Shimada et al. [2012] / ASD / Cases: 552
Controls: 100,118 / OR / 1.00 / 1.8 (1.3-2.6) / 2.1 (1.4-3.0) / 2.0 (1.3-3.1)
van Balkom et al. [2012] / ASD / Cases: 95
Controls: 347 / OR / 1.00 / 2.16(1.15-4.04) / 2.67 (1.07-6.68) / 2.38 (0.37-15.40)

The values represent the estimated risks (95% CI)of the most adjusted model of the studies. Bold risk values indicate significant adjusted risks. Reference age categories are assigned 1.00. * Indicates that the corresponding study is included in the meta-analysis of Hultman et al. [2011]. Abbreviations: AD, Autistic Disorder; ASD, Autism Spectrum Disorder; PDD-NOS, Pervasive Development Disorders-Not Otherwise Specified OR, Odds Ratio; IRR, Incidence Rate Ratio; RR, Relative Risk;NR, Not Reported,CATSS, Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden; TEDS, Twins Early Development Study.