Supplementary Material

Functional importance of avian seed dispersers changes in response to human-induced forest edges in tropical seed dispersal networks

Francisco Saavedra, Isabell Hensen, Stephan Beck, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Denis Lippok, Till Töpfer and Matthias Schleuning

Corresponding author: Francisco Saavedra; email: phone: +49 06975421821; fax: +49 06975421801

Table S1 Mean body mass, wing tip length (Kipp’s distance) and gape width for the 39 bird species recorded in this study. Trait information was not available for Phyllomyias uropygialis which was excluded from the trait analyses. Habitat used by birds was classified according to own observations; E corresponds to forest edge and F to forest interior.

Scientific name / English name / Habitat type used / Body mass
(g) / Wing tip length
(mm) / Gape width
(mm)
Anisognathus igniventris / Scarlet-bellied Mountain Tanager / E / 34 / 14.13 / 10.55
Anisognathus somptuosus / Blue-winged Mountain Tanager / E/F / 42 / 18.33 / 10.50
Aratinga mitrata / Mitred Parakeet / E/F / 249 / 85.20 / 17.61
Atlapetes rufinucha / Rufous-naped Brush-Finch / E / 22.2 / 7.67 / 8.70
Aulacorhynchus coeruleicinctis / Blue-banded Toucanet / E/F / 208 / 16.50 / 26.85
Catharus ustulatus / Swainson's Thrush / E / 30.3 / 31.75 / 9.45
Chiroxiphia boliviana / Yungas Manakin / E/F / 17.2 / 11.50 / 9.19
Chlorophonia cyanea / Blue-naped Chlorophonia / E / 14 / 17.75 / 6.53
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus / Common Bush-Tanager / E / 15.7 / 10.63 / 7.74
Columba fasciata / Band-tailed Pigeon / E / 342.5 / 72.50 / 11.15
Columba plumbea / Plumbeous Pigeon / E / 179 / 59.38 / 8.06
Cyanocorax cyanomelas / Purplish Jay / E / 207 / 29.38 / 19.06
Cyanocorax yncas / Green Jay / E / 78.5 / 10.40 / 15.05
Diglossa cyanea / Masked Flowerpiercer / F / 17.1 / 13.50 / 7.16
Elaenia obscura / Highland Elaenia / E / 23.9 / 15.00 / 10.54
Elaenia pallatangae / Sierran Elaenia / E / 17.8 / 16.33 / 7.13
Empidonomus varius / Variegated Flycatcher / F / 27.1 / 28.25 / 10.85
Entomodestes leucotis / White-eared Solitaire / E / 61.7 / 24.33 / 12.92
Eubucco versicolor / Versicolored Barbet / E/F / 32.8 / 10.38 / 12.56
Euphonia xanthogaster / Orange-bellied Euphonia / E / 13 / 13.25 / 7.40
Hapalopsittaca melanotis / Black-winged Parrot / E / 158 / 62.75 / 11.83
Lipaugus uropygialis / Scimitar-winged Piha / E/F / 116 / 14.00 / 19.60
Mionectes striaticollis / Streak-necked Flycatcher / E/F / 15 / 10.83 / 8.76
Myioborus miniatus / Slate-throated Redstart / F / 9 / 10.38 / 6.45
Parula pitiayumi / Tropical Parula / E / 7.2 / 10.70 / 5.14
Penelope montagnii / Andean Guan / E/F / 706 / 39.33 / 16.61
Pheucticus aureoventris / Black-backed Grosbeak / E/F / 49 / 23.38 / 13.50
Phyllomyias sclateri / Sclater's Tyrannulet / F / 9.2 / 12.75 / 7.45
Phyllomyias uropygialis / Tawny-rumped Tyrannulet / E / - / - / -
Pionus sordidus / Red-billed Parrot / E / 266 / 68.38 / 16.25
Pionus tumultuosus / Speckle-faced Parrot / E / 239 / 61.38 / 15.23
Pipreola frontalis / Scarlet-breasted Fruiteater / E/F / 42.4 / 17.00 / 13.42
Pipreola intermedia / Band-tailed Fruiteater / E / 51 / 16.25 / 13.52
Psarocolius atrovirens / Dusky-green Oropendola / F / 152 / 53.88 / 15.91
Psarocolius decumanus / Crested Oropendola / E / 216 / 57.75 / 17.74
Pyrrhura molinae / Green-cheeked Parakeet / E/F / 77.1 / 51.63 / 11.25
Rupicola peruvianus / Andean Cock-of-the-rock / F / 244 / 22.38 / 20.92
Tangara argyrofenges / Green-throated Tanager / F / 19 / 18.50 / 8.10
Tanagara vassorii / Blue-and-Black Tanager / E/F / 18 / 17.13 / 8.03
Tangara xanthocephala / Saffron-crowned Tanager / E/F / 19 / 16.13 / 7.31
Thraupis cyanocephala / Blue-capped Tanager / E/F / 36 / 13.88 / 10.71
Thraupis palmarum / Palm Tanager / E / 39 / 21.63 / 9.62
Thraupis sayaca / Sayaca Tanager / E / 32 / 22.92 / 9.80
Trogon personatus / Masked Trogon / E / 63.4 / 47.25 / 15.95
Turdus albicollis / White-necked Thrush / E/F / 54 / 22.63 / 10.55
Turdus serranus / Glossy-black Thrush / E / 84.9 / 26.50 / 13.26
Veniliornis nigriceps / Bar-bellied Woodpecker / E / 45.8 / 17.50 / 9.58

Table S2 Dispersion index and crop size of the plant species recorded in the seed traps and in plant-frugivore networks. Plant families and habitat are also provided. Habitat type was classified in forest edge, E and to forest interior, F.

Habitat type / Plant family / Species scientific name / Dispersion index / Crop size
F / Euphorbiaceae / Alchornea triplinervia / 0.45 / 15182
F / Arecaceae / Ceroxylon pityrophyllum / 20 / 3065
F / Clusiaceae / Clusia lechleri / 1.99 / 6415
F / Clusiaceae / Clusia sphaerocarpa / 0.25 / 3685
F / Clusiaceae / Clusia trochiformis / 10.26 / 3806
F / Myrtaceae / Eugenia sp. / 5.52 / 1084
F / Annonaceae / Guatteria glauca / 1 / 17438
F / Chloranthaceae / Hedyosmum angustifolium / 2.22 / 536
F / Rosaceae / Hesperomeles ferruginea / 14.81 / 2639
F / Phyllanthaceae / Hieronyma laxiflora / 128.64 / 8382
F / Melastomataceae / Miconia cordata / 8.81 / 51735
F / Primulaceae / Myrsine coriacea / 24.26 / 8422
F / Rubiaceae / Psychotria carthagenensis / 0.50 / 6314
F / Euphorbiaceae / Sapium sp. / 0.33 / 7742
F / Symplocaceae / Symplocos arechea / 3.09 / 38121
F / Symplocaceae / Symplocos colorata / 3.16 / 5763
E / Euphorbiaceae / Alchornea triplinervia / 1.07 / 9452
E / Clusiaceae / Clusia lechleri / 1.33 / 10916
E / Clusiaceae / Clusia sphaerocarpa / 0.27 / 6240
E / Clusiaceae / Clusia trochiformis / 6.94 / 14787
E / Santalaceae / Dendrophthora macbridei / 1 / 68
E / Myrtaceae / Eugenia sp. / 3.87 / 2928
E / Pentaphylacaceae / Freziera lanata / 0.22 / 9456
E / Annonaceae / Guatteria glauca / 3 / 20782
E / Chloranthaceae / Hedyosmum angustifolium / 1.60 / 734
E / Phyllanthaceae / Hieronyma laxiflora / 30.93 / 19274
E / Melastomataceae / Miconia cf. boliviensis / 0.87 / 8356
E / Melastomataceae / Miconia cf. brittonii / 0.61 / 31275
E / Melastomataceae / Miconia cordata / 0.11 / 60260
E / Melastomataceae / Miconia hygrophila / 0.71 / 20468
E / Melastomataceae / Miconia plumifera / 0.08 / 4144
E / Monimiaceae / Mollinedia steinbachiana / 0.71 / 9463
E / Primulaceae / Myrsine coriaceae / 37.49 / 19146
E / Rubiaceae / Palicourea attenuata / 3.38 / 125
E / Podocarpaceae / Prumnopitys sp. / 10.78 / 43552
E / Symplocaceae / Symplocos arechea / 1.33 / 15483
E / Symplocaceae / Symplocos colorata / 1 / 8064
E / Adoxaceae / Viburnum seemenii / 2.89 / 12760

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Table S3 Weighted interaction matrices of seed-dispersal interactions in Bolivian montane forest. a) interaction matrix at forest edge and b) interaction matrix in the forest interior. Interaction frequency equals the number of individuals of each of the 47 frugivore species feeding on 40 fleshy-fruited plant species, only including visits with seed dispersal events.

A / Number of visits / Tangara xanthocephala / Mionectes striaticollis / Catharus ustulatus / Aulacorhynchus coeruleicinctis / Anisognathus somptuosus / Tangara vassorii / Eubucco versicolor / Chiroxiphia boliviana / Chlorospingus ophthalmicus / Pyrrhura molinae / Thraupis cyanocephala / Pionus sordidus / Euphonia xanthogaster / Chlorophonia cyanea / Penelope montagnii / Diglossa cyanea / Psarocolius decumanus / Pipreola intermedia / Thraupis sayaca / Columba fasciata / Pipreola frontalis / Pheucticus aureoventris / Turdus albicollis / Entomodestes leucotis / Columba plumbea / Hapalopsittaca melanotis / Lipaugus uropygialis / Anisognathus igniventris / Parula pitiayumi / Phyllomyias uropygialis / Pionus tumultuosus / Elaenia obscura / Elaenia pallatangae / Cyanocorax cyanomelas / Cyanocorax yncas / Aratinga mitrata / Atlapetes rufinucha / Thraupis palmarum / Trogon personatus / Turdus serranus / Veniliornis nigriceps
Number of visits / 47 / 43 / 28 / 26 / 26 / 26 / 23 / 22 / 17 / 15 / 13 / 10 / 9 / 9 / 9 / 8 / 7 / 7 / 5 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Clusia trochiformis / 110 / 16 / 30 / 20 / 8 / 2 / 18 / 3 / 3 / 6 / 1 / 2 / 1
Ficus americana / 79 / 14 / 7 / 5 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 5 / 5 / 1 / 8 / 7 / 8 / 2 / 1 / 6 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 2
Miconia cordata / 28 / 8 / 8 / 2 / 8 / 1 / 1
Clusia lechleri / 25 / 2 / 12 / 2 / 2 / 6 / 1
Hieronyma laxiflora / 22 / 9 / 1 / 2 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 2
Clusia sphaerocarpa / 15 / 2 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 6 / 1 / 1 / 1
Eugenia sp. / 12 / 1 / 4 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Cecropia sp. / 11 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1
Miconia hygrophila / 8 / 2 / 4 / 1 / 1
Sapium sp. / 8 / 1 / 4 / 3
Thibaudia crenulata / 6 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Miconia cf. brittonii / 6 / 1 / 5
Hedyosmum angustifolium / 5 / 3 / 2
Symplocos arechea / 5 / 3 / 1 / 1
Dictyocaryum lamarckianum / 4 / 1 / 3
Freziera lanata / 4 / 3 / 1
Prumnopitys sp. / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Hieronyma moritziana / 3 / 1 / 2
Inga cf. fendleriana / 3 / 2 / 1
Myrsine coriaceae / 3 / 1 / 2
Miconia cf. boliviensis / 3 / 2 / 1
Dendrophthora macbridei / 3 / 2 / 1
Hedyosmum racemosum / 2 / 1 / 1
Viburnum seemenii / 2 / 1 / 1
Leandra caracasana / 1 / 1
Lepismium bolivianum / 1 / 1
Miconia plumífera / 1 / 1
Mollinedia steinbachiana / 1 / 1
Palicourea attenuata / 1 / 1
Persea bilocularis / 1 / 1
Solanum sp. / 1 / 1
Guatteria glauca / 1 / 1
Symplocos colorata / 1 / 1
Alchornea triplinervia / 1 / 1
Antidaphne viscoidea / 1 / 1
Beilschmiedia tovarensis / 1 / 1

Table S3 (Continued).

B / number of visits / Chiroxiphia boliviana / Anisognathus somptuosus / Phyllomyias sclatery / Tangara vassorii / Aulacorhynchus coeruleicinctis / Pyrrhura molinae / Penelope montagnii / Chlorospingus ophthalmicus / Mionectes striaticollis / Empidonomus varius / Diglossa cyanea / Pheucticus aureoventris / Pipreola frontalis / Psarocolius atrovirens / Myioborus miniatus / Lipaugus uropygialis / Rupicola peruvianus / Tangara argyrofenges / Eubucco versicolor / Tangara xantocephala / Thraupis cyanocephala / Turdus albicollis / Aratinga mitrata
Number of visits / 42 / 18 / 16 / 14 / 13 / 10 / 7 / 6 / 6 / 6 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Clusia trochiformis / 52 / 27 / 2 / 15 / 2 / 4 / 1 / 1
Miconia cordata / 35 / 8 / 8 / 14 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 1
Clusia sphaerocarpa / 12 / 2 / 1 / 2 / 6 / 1
Sapium sp. / 11 / 1 / 7 / 2 / 1
Alchornea triplinervia / 6 / 4 / 1 / 1
Psychotria carthagenensis / 5 / 5
Clusia lechleri / 5 / 2 / 3
Symplocos arechea / 5 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 1
Eugenia sp. / 5 / 2 / 2 / 1
Coussarea sp. / 4 / 1 / 1 / 2
Dictyocaryum lamarckianum / 3 / 1 / 2
Hieronyma moritziana / 3 / 2 / 1
Ceroxylon pityrophyllum / 2 / 2
Hedyosmum racemosum / 2 / 1 / 1
Hesperomeles ferruginea / 1 / 1
Hieronyma laxiflora / 1 / 1
Myrsine coriaceae / 1 / 1
Guatteria glauca / 1 / 1
Hedyosmum angustifolium / 1 / 1
Symplocos colorata / 1 / 1

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Fig. S1 Mean species richness of fleshy-fruited plants and crop size (overall fruit availability) in the two habitat types. Given are means + 1 SE (n = 64). Plant species richness (t = -3.60, P < 0.01) and crop size (t = -2.90, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in edge than in interior habitats; statistical tests are based on LMMs with study site and observation session as random effects.

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