Supplemental material: The Prevalence of Psychopathology in Siblings of Children with MHPs and matched comparison children
Reference / Sibling diagnosis / Outcome measured / Sibling prevalence / Comparison prevalence / OR (CI) / Sig. / Moderators of prevalence rateSiblings of children with ADHD
Biederman et al. (1990a)
Faraone et al. (1996)
Faraone et al. (2000)
Biederman et al. (1993)
Faraone et al. (1995)
Faraone et al. (1998b)
Milberger et al. (1997) / ADHD / Pre-baseline morbidity risk
Baseline Lifetime prevalence
4-year follow-up
Baseline prevalence / 20.8%
18.0%
26.0%
29.4% / 5.6%
5.0%
10.0%
13.7% / (-)
4.62(1.87-11.42)
3.24(1.69-6.21)
1.87(1.02-3.42) / p<.01
p<.01
p<.01
p<.05 / Ns for identified child’s diagnosis; trend for greater risk for male siblings to have ADHD v controls, ns for sisters
Ns difference in prevalence if identified child had ADHD with comorbid CD or ODD v ADHD alone;Same found for ADHD alone v ADHD and affective disorders
Greater risk for male siblings in families with a history of antisocial disorders even after controlling for parental ADHD, ns for families without history;
Maternal ADHD predictive of increased risk, effect could not be accounted for by association with family environment scales, ns for paternal ADHD;
Ns for family history of antisocial disorders effect at baseline but was predictive of higher rates at 4-year follow-up v families without history
Greater risk for male siblings even after controlling for sibling baseline psychopathology, age, SES, and intactness of family
Last et al. (1991) / Significantly higher rates if identified child had ADHD v anxiety disorders (for male siblings only); ns for identified child age
MikamiPfiffner (2008) / Lifetime prevalence / 14.3% / 0.0% / 5.02(0.28-90.05) / ns
Hassan et al. (2011) / Lifetime prevalence / 11.25% / 1.5%3
HebraniBehdani (2007) / Lifetime prevalence / 21.3% / 5.29%4 / Ns for identified child gender
Kollins et al. (2009) / 1-year prevalence / 44.1% / 0.41%1
Christiansen et al. (2008)
Chen et al. (2008)
Sobanski et al. (2010)
Altink et al. (2008) / Lifetime prevalence / 29.45% / 5.29%4 / Increased risk of ADHD if identified child had ADHD with CD/ODD v ADHD only even after adjusting for gender and parental SES
Nsfor severity of identified child’s ADHD symptomatology
Greater risk if identified child had severe v low emotional lability, (though ns)
Greater risk if sibling was younger; greater risk for male sibling
ADHD Total: / 11.25-44.1% / 0.0-13.7% / 1.87-5.02
Biederman et al. (1990b)
Faraone et al. (1996)
Faraone et al. (2000)
Faraone et al. (1997)
Faraone et al. (1995)
Faraone et al. (1998b)
Faraone et al. (1998a) / CD/ODD / Pre-baseline Lifetime prevalence: CD/ODD
Baseline: CD
ODD
4-year follow-up: CD
ODD
Baseline: CD
ODD / 25.8%
7.0%
18.0%
11.0%
30.0%
7.0%
16.8% / 3.0%
3.0%
9.0%
4.0%
12.0%
3.8%
9.2% / 11.13(1.30-95.25)
2.52(0.80-7.93)
2.42(1.17-5.00)
2.72(1.05-7.06)
3.11(1.70-5.70)
1.89(0.63-5.70)
2.00(0.96-4.18) / p<.05
ns
p<.05
p<.05
p<.01
ns
ns / A diagnosis of ADHD in the sibling predicted prevalence rates
Higher rates of CD/antisocial disorder if identified child had ADHD with CD v ADHD alone and ADHD with ODD
Rates of CD or ODD did not significantly differ if identified child had ADHD with CD/ODD v ADHD alone; At 4-year follow-up, increased risk of CD, ODD, and CD/antisocial disorder if identified child had ADHD with CD v ADHD alone or ADHD with ODD; only significantly differed in rates of CD/ODD from controls if identified child had ADHD with CD/ODD v ADHD alone
Family history of antisocial disorders predictive of higher rates of CD but not ODD, even after correcting for SES, intactness of family and sibling gender
Family history of Bipolar Disorder predictive of greater risk of CD at 4-year follow-up
Christiansen et al. (2008)
Sobanski et al. (2010) / 1-year: CD/ODD
1-year: ODD / 2.7%
15.48% / 0.13-0.94%1
0.94%1 / Increased risk if identified child had ADHD with CD/ODD v ADHD alone, remained significant after adjusting for gender and parental SES
Greater risk if identified child had severe v low emotional lability (though ns)
CD/ODD Total: / 2.7-30.0% / 0.13-12.0% / 1.89-11.13
Faraone et al. (1996)
Milberger et al. (1997)
Faraone et al. (1998b)
Faraon et al. (1998a) / SUD / Baseline: Any SUD
Alcohol abuse
Alcohol dependence
Drug abuse
Drug dependence
4-year follow-up: Any SUD
Alcohol abuse
Alcohol dependence
Drug abuse
Drug dependence
4-year follow-up: Psychoactive SUD / 9.0%
3.0%
5.0%
1.0%
4.0%
17.0%
11.0%
7.0%
5.0%
5.0%
17.0% / 11.0%
5.0%
5.0%
2.0%
4.0%
16.0%
14.0%
7.0%
4.0%
5.0%
16.0% / 0.77(0.36-1.67)
0.73(0.23-2.32)
0.84(0.30-2.38)
0.49(0.08-2.97)
1.04(0.32-3.35)
1.03(0.57-1.89)
1.68(0.76-3.75)
1.02(0.43-2.43)
1.55(0.51-4.74)
1.09(0.40-3.01)
1.06(0.56-2.03) / ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns / Only siblings with a diagnosis of ADHD differed from controls on rates of Drug abuse and dependence; not found for Alcohol abuse and dependence
A diagnosis of ADHD, CD, or anxiety disorders in siblings were predictive of SUD prevalence; siblings with a diagnosis of ADHD and CD had significantly higher rates of SUDs v a diagnosis of ADHD alone; greater risk for male siblings even after controlling for sibling baseline psychopathology, age, SES and intactness of family
Family history of antisocial disorders predictive of increased rates of SUDs at 4-year follow-up
Family history of Bipolar Disorder predictive of greater risk of Alcohol Dependence
SUD Total: / 1.0-17.0% / 2.0-16.0% / 0.49-1.68
Biederman et al. (1991)
Faraone et al. (1996)
Faraone et al. (1995)
Faraone et al. (1998b)
Faraone et al. (1998a) / Affective Disorders / Pre-baseline: Any AFF
DEP
Bipolar Disorder
Dysthymia
Baseline: DEP
Bipolar Disorder
Dysthymia
4-year follow-up: DEP
Bipolar Disorder
Dysthymia / 7.1%
6.2%
0.9%
0.9%
10.0%
3.0%
1.0%
17.0%
9.0%
4.0% / 0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
5.0%
2.0%
3.0%
8.0%
4.0%
6.0% / 5.88(0.33-104.5)
5.14(0.29-92.26)
0.97(0.04-24.42)
0.97(0.04-24.42)
2.01(0.81-4.97)
2.27(0.45-11.42)
0.36(0.07-2.02)
2.26(1.11-4.62)
2.69(0.95-7.59)
0.62(0.21-1.83) / ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
p<.05
ns
ns / Higher morbid risk of DEP if identified child had ADHD alone v ADHD and affective disorders; risk not predicted by parental affective disorders
A diagnosis of ADHD in the sibling predicted rates of DEP and Bipolar Disorder, but not Dysthymia
Family history of antisocial disorders predictive of increased rates of DEP and Bipolar Disorder (4-year follow-up only) even after controlling for SES, intactness of family and sibling gender
Family history of Bipolar Disorder predictive of greater risk of DEP at 4-year follow-up; greater risk of DEP and Bipolar Disorder v families with history of antisocial disorders
Geller et al. (2006) / Morbid risk:
Bipolar disorder
Recurrent DEP
Bipolar disorder/Recurrent DEP / 7.3%
25.3%
34.3% / 3.0%
12.9%
15.7% / Hazard ratio:
1.9(0.3-11.3)
2.1(0.6-8.0)
2.2(0.8-6.4) / ns
ns
ns / Having two parents with Bipolar Disorder did not increase the risk of Bipolar Disorder in siblings v one parent with Bipolar Disorder
Hassan et al. (2011) / DEP
Bipolar disorder / 0.5%
0.0% / 0.9%3
0.9%3
Affective Disorder Total: / 0.0-34.3% / 0.0-15.7% / 0.36-5.88
Faraone et al. (1996)
Faraone et al. (1998b)
Faraone et al. (1998a) / Anxiety Disorders / Baseline: Two or more ANX
Panic disorder
Agoraphobia
Overanxious disorder
Simple phobia
Social phobia
Separation anxiety
GAD
OCD
4-year follow-up:Two or more ANX
Panic disorder
Agoraphobia
Overanxious disorder
Simple phobia
Social phobia
Separation anxiety
GAD
OCD / 16.0%
1.0%
3.0%
16.0%
10.0%
13.0%
13.0%
2.0%
1.0%
23.0%
3.0%
12.0%
24.0%
20.0%
17.0%
17.0%
3.0%
1.0% / 9.0%
1.0%
5.0%
13.0%
9.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
0.0%
10.0%
1.0%
10.0%
15.0%
15.0%
8.0%
6.0%
3.0%
3.0% / 1.97(0.94-4.14)
0.74(0.05-11.94)
0.73(0.23-2.32)
1.26(0.66-2.42)
1.13(0.52-2.43)
3.59(1.32-9.75)
4.52(1.52-13.47)
1.11(0.18-6.77)
2.24(0.09-55.42)
2.56(1.35-4.87)
2.15(0.41-11.25)
1.24(0.60-2.55)
1.71(0.95-3.03)
1.41(0.77-2.57)
2.38(1.14-4.98)
3.35(1.48-7.61)
1.06(0.28-4.02)
0.21(0.02-1.87) / ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
p<.05
p<.05
ns
ns
p<.01
ns
ns
ns
ns
p<.05
p<.01
ns
ns / A diagnosis of ADHD in the sibling predicted rates of Overanxious Disorder, Simple Phobia, Social Phobia but not rates of two or more anxiety disorders or Separation Anxiety Disorder
Family history of antisocial disorders predictive of lower rates of two or more anxiety disorders v families without history
Family history of Bipolar Disorder predictive of greater risk of Separation Anxiety Disorder v families with history of antisocial disorders
Last et al. (1991) / ANX / 8.3% / 10.8% / 0.78(0.19-3.22) / ns / Differences in rates of psychopathology across all identified child diagnoses due in large part to differences in male relatives
Anxiety Disorder Total: / 1.0-24.0% / 0.0-15.0% / 0.21-4.52
Siblings of children with CD/ODD
Hovens et al. (1994) / % of identified children with at least one sibling with: ADHD
CD/ODD
DEP
Other emotional difficulties
SUD / 7.0%
50.0%
7.0%
21.0%
28.0% / 7.7%2
19.6%5
10.1%5,6
14.3%5,6
11.4%5 / Significantly higher rates of other emotional difficulties if identified child had CD/ODD v SUDs; ns for rates of other difficulties across identified child diagnoses
Hill et al. (2002) / Lifetime alcohol dependence / 77.78% / 6.4%5
Siblings of children with SUDs
Hovens et al. (1994) / % of identified children with at least one sibling with: ADHD
CD/ODD
SUD
DEP
Other emotional difficulties / 10.0%
36.0%
24.0%
10.0%
6.0% / 7.7%2
19.6%5
11.4%5
10.1%5,6
14.3%5,6
Siblings of children adjudicated for Delinquency
Wasserman et al. (1996)
Pine et al. (1998) / Baseline 1-year: ADHD
ODD
CD
Affective Disorder
Anxiety Disorder
1-2 year follow-up: ADHD
ODD
CD
Affective Disorder
Simple Phobia
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Social Phobia
Agoraphobia / 21.43%
11.90%
3.17%
2.0%
31.0%
11.59%
8.7%
2.9%
1.4%
23.19%
5.8%
7.25%
2.9% / 0.41%1
1.47%1
0.85%1
1.95%1
1.47%1
0.41%1
1.47%1
0.85%1
1.95%1
0.73%1
0.0%1
0.24%1
0.12%1
Siblings of children with Affective Disorders
Seguin et al. (2003) / SUD / SUD / 30.0% / 0.0% / 6.07(0.26-140.7) / ns / Only siblings who had a parent with DEP had higher rates of psychopathology v controls
Ryan et al. (1992) / Affective Disorder / Major affective disorder (DEP/Mania/ Schizoaffective) / 24.42% / 6.49% / 4.65(1.66-13.05) / p<.01 / Only siblings of children with DEP (v non-affective disorders) had higher rates of affective disorder v controls; ns for sibling gender
Geller et al. (2006) / Morbid risk:
Bipolar disorder
Recurrent DEP
Bipolar disorder/Recurrent DEP / 36.7%
11.8%
48.8% / 3.0%
12.9%
15.7% / Hazard ratio:
7.2(2.1-24.8)
1.2(0.4-3.9)
3.5(1.5-7.8) / p<.02
ns
p<.02 / Having two parents with Bipolar Disorder did not increase the risk of Bipolar Disorder in siblings v one parent with Bipolar Disorder
Seguin et al. (2003) / Mood disorder / 60.0% / 0.0% / 18.78(0.83-424.2) / ns
Affective Disorder Total: / 11.8-60.0% / 0.0-15.7% / 1.2-18.78
Seguin et al. (2003) / ANX
Post traumatic stress disorder / 10.0%
20.0% / 0.0%
0.0% / 2.05(0.07-58.66)
3.82(0.16-94.14) / ns
ns
Siblings of children with Anxiety Disorders
Lenane et al. (1990) / Lifetime: ADHD
ODD
CD / 9.0%
13.0%
7.0% / 7.7%2
12.6%5
6.8%5 / Higher risk of CD/ODD in child siblings v adolescent siblings;
Lenane et al. (1990) / Affective Disorder / Lifetime: Any AFF / 18.0% / 14.3%5,6 / Ns for sibling gender
Dia & Harrington (2006) / Prevalence of professionally diagnosed DEP / 4.62% / 10.1%5
Farrell et al. (2006) / % of identified children with a sibling with a history of DEP / 3.6% / 3.7%7
Affective Disorder Total: / 3.6-18.0% / 3.7-14.3%
Last et al. (1991) / Anxiety Disorder / ANX / 21.7% / 10.8% / 2.27(0.89-5.81) / ns / Significantly higher rates of anxiety disorder if identified child had an anxiety disorder v ADHD; ns for identified child age
Reddy et al. (2001) / OCD/Subthreshold OCD / 0.0% / 0.0% / n/a / n/a
Lenane et al. (1990) / Lifetime: OCD
Separation anxiety disorder
Phobia
Overanxious disorder
Age-corrected: OCD/OCD PD/Subclinical OCD / 5.0%
2.0%
2.0%
0.0%
35.0% / 2.5%8
7.6%5
19.3%5
1.29%1
2.5%8 / Ns for sibling gender
Dia & Harrington (2006) / Professionally diagnosed: Separation anxiety
Panic disorder
Generalised anxiety
Simple phobia
Social anxiety
OCD
Post-traumatic stress
Any ANX / 1.5%
3.1%
3.1%
1.5%
1.5%
4.6%
0.0%
12.3% / 7.6%5
2.3%5
2.2%5
19.3%5
9.1%5
2.5%8
5.0%5
31.9%5
Do Rosario-Campos et al. (2005) / OCD / 14.6% / 2.5%8
Farrell et al. (2006) / % of identified children with a sibling with a history of OCD
ANX / 5.95%
14.29% / 2.5%8
13.2%9
Toro et al. (1992) / % of identified children with a sibling diagnosed with OCD / 5.56% / 2.5%8 / Ns for identified child gender
Anxiety Disorder Total: / 0.0-35.0% / 0.0-31.9 / 2.27
Siblings of children with Mixed Disorders
Szatmari et al. (1993) / Ns for identified child diagnosis; ns for age composition of sibling and identified child; mixed sex pairs had greatest aggregation of ADHD, all male pairs had lowest
Waldman et al. (1998) / Any ADHD: Low severity
Medium severity
High severity
Combined Type: Low severity
Medium severity
High severity
Inattentive Type: Low severity
Medium severity
High severity
Hyperactive/Impulsive Type: Low severity
Medium severity
High severity / 64.0%
32.0%
22.0%
32.0%
15.0%
7.0%
22.0%
12.0%
10.0%
10.0%
5.0%
5.0 / 40.0%
18.0%
9.0%
18.0%
6.0%
2.0%
13.0%
8.0%
5.0%
9.0%
4.0%
2.0% / 2.61(1.36-5.00)
2.12(1.07-4.19)
2.85(1.30-6.21)
2.12(1.07-4.19)
2.71(1.08-6.78)
3.90(1.08-4.05)
1.89(0.87-4.08)
1.61(0.61-4.26)
2.04(0.69-6.03)
1.09(0.38-3.16)
1.24(0.29-5.38)
2.53 (0.56-11.47) / p<.05
p<.05
p<.05
p<.05
p<.05
p<.05
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns / Only had significantly higher rates of ADHD if identified child had ADHD Combined Type (v Inattentive or Hyperactivity)
ADHD Total: / 5.0-64.0% / 2.0-40.0% / 1.09-3.90
Sakai et al. (2010) / CD/ODD / 1-year: CD / 38.0% / 13.5% / 3.92(2.34-6.58) / p<.01
Szatmari et al. (1993) / Highest rates of CD where the identified child had CD; ns for age composition of sibling and identified child; ns for sex composition
Waldman et al. (1998) / ODD: Low severity
Medium severity
High severity
CD: Low severity
Medium severity
High severity / 71.0%
29.0%
17.0%
27.0%
12.0%
7.0% / 48.0%
14.0%
5.0%
13.0%
2.0%
1.0% / 2.62(1.32-5.20)
2.54(1.26-5.13)
3.89(1.62-9.35)
2.46(1.20-5.07)
6.86(2.36-19.92)
7.38(1.88-28.94) / p<.05
p<.05
p<.01
p<.05
p<.01
p<.01
Anderson et al. (2007) / 1-year: CD / 33.3% / 0.13%1
CD/ODD Total: / 6.5-71.0% / 0.13-48.0% / 2.46-7.38
Hopfer et al. (2003)
Sakai et al. (2010) / SUD / Risk ratio: Marijuana abuse
Risk ratio: Marijuana dependence
1-year: Alcohol Dependence
Alcohol Use Disorder / 20-40%
10-20%
9.5%
33.1% / 5-20%
0-10%
6.9%
18.8% / 2.65(-)
2.25(-)
1.43(0.68-3.02)
2.36(1.47-3.80) / p<.05
p<.05
ns
p<.01 / Greater risk of marijuana dependence in male siblings; ns for marijuana abuse
Anderson et al. (2007) / 1-year: SUD / 10.3% / 2.34%1
SUD Total: / 1.3-40.0% / 0.0-20.0% / 1.43-2.65
Szatmari et al. (1993) / Highest rate of emotional problems if identified child had emotional problems; ns for age composition of sibling pair; greatest aggregation of emotional problems in all female pairs, all male pairs had lowest
v: Versus; SES: Socioeconomic status; (-): Not reported/not applicable; ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; SUD: Substance Use Disorder; CD: Conduct Disorder; ODD: Oppositional Defiant Disorder; MHP: Mental health problems; AFF: Affective disorders; DEP: Depressive Disorder/Major Depressive Disorder; ANX: Anxiety disorders; OCD: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; OR: Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; NB: Studies contained within the same row drew on the same participant pool. Prevalence and odds ratio ranges are provided only when three or more articles reported prevalence data for a particular sibling diagnosis. 1As reported by Lewinsohn, Hops, Roberts, Seeley & Andrews (1993); 2As reported by Fulton et al. (2005); 3As reported by Green, McGinnity, Meltzer, Ford, & Goodman (2005); 4As reported by Polancyzk, de Lima, Horta, Biederman, & Rohde (2007); 5As reported by Merikangas et al. (2010); 6As reported by He, personal communication (Jan 13, 2012); 7As reported by Sawyer et al. (2000); 8As reported by Karno, Goulding, Sorenson, & Burnam (1988); 9As reported by Boyd, Kostanski, Gullone, Ollendick, & Shek (2000).