Study Guide forHuman BodyChapter 1
Use the following items from class to study:
- Organ Game
- Organ System Organizer
- Sweat Lab
- Bone Study
- Chapter 1 Outlines
- Openers
For this quiz you will need to be able to:
- Define homeostasis, and explain what can occur if homeostasis is not maintained.
Homeostasis is the balance in the body to maintain a stable environment. Regulation ofbodytemperature, blood pressure, pH, and glucose concentration are four examples of how thebodymaintains homeostasis. If homeostasis is not maintained, then an individual could become ill or die.
Example: One of the most common examples of homeostasis in humans is the regulation of body temperature. Normal body temperature is 37 degrees C or 98.6 degrees F. Temperatures way above or below these normal levels cause serious complications. Muscle failure occurs at a temperature of 28 degrees C or 82.4 degrees F. At 33 degrees C or 91.4 degrees F, loss of consciousness occurs. At a temperature of 42 degrees C or 107.6 degrees F, the central nervous system starts to break down. Death occurs at a temperature of 44 degrees C or 111.2 degrees Fahrenheit. The body controls temperature by producing heat or releasing excess heat.
- Name and define the four major types of tissue found in the human body.
The organization of the body of increasing complexity goes
Cells -> Tissues made up of similar cells -> Organs made up of 2 or more tissues -> Organ Systems made up of two or more organs
There are 4 types of tissues
Epithelial tissue: This tissue is an upper most tissue covering all the organs or body.Example: majority of skin is made from epithelial tissue
Connective tissue: This tissues is in connecting position in between tissues. Example: majority of ligaments, tendons, bones, and blood are made of connective tissue
Muscular tissue: This tissues makes muscles of the body.
Example: majority of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac are made of muscular tissue
Nervous tissue:Thistissue is to send and receive messages throughout the body. Example: majority of the spine and brain are mostly made of nervous tissue.
- Define the integumentary system, describe its functions and list the parts of the body that are included in it.
Theintegumentary systemis the organsystemthat protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside, protects and keeps organs in, and protects against infectious organisms. Thesystemcomprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, oil glands, and nails).
- Name, define and label the structures found in the skin.
1 – Epidermis: dead layer of skin does not include blood vessels or nerve endings
2 – Dermis:living layer that includes blood vessels or nerve endings
3 – Hypodermis:fatty layer
4 – Hair Follicle: found in the dermis layer and found with sebaceous gland
5 – Sebaceous Gland:commonly called oil glands
6 – Blood Vessels:transports blood
7 – Sweat Gland: Found in the dermis and produces sweat
8 – Touch Receptors:nervous tissue that is found in the dermis layer
- Explain how sweat evaporating helps to cool us off. Be sure to include the concept of the heat of vaporization from the sweat lab.
When sweat evaporates from the surface of your skin, it removes excess heat and cools you. This is actually due to a neat principle in physics, which goes like this. To convert water from a liquid to a vapor, it takes a certain amount of heat / energy called the heat of vaporization. This heat energy is given off by your body and increases the speed of the water molecules so that they can escape into the air, thus leaving your skin with less energy or heat and your body cooled.
- Describe the four functions of bones.
The four functions of the bone are to protect the body, give support and structure, store calcium, and make blood cells.
- Label the different structures found in / on bones and define the function of each.
Note: You just need to know marrow not the difference between red and yellow!
Cartilage allows for grow and for movement between joints.
Spongy bone gives strength and support for the bone.
Blood vessels transport blood to and from the bone.
Bone Marrow creates the blood cells.
Compact bone gives shape support to the bone.
- Label the major bones of the human body.
Answer key is underneath word bank!
- Identify and define the types of joints.
The major joins are the immobile example the bones in the skull, partly moveable example rib cage, and moveable.
For moveable the three types of joints we looked at were ball and socket like the shoulder and hip, hinge like the knee, and pivot like the wrist.
- Describe the functions of the muscular system.
The muscular system allows for movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body.
- Explain the three types of muscles and their function.
Skeletal muscle tissueconnects the bones of your body through tendons. These connections allow the body to move.
Cardiac tissueis what the heart is primarily made of. It pumps blood throughout your body.
Smooth muscletissue lines the walls of many of your major organs and helps with digestion and blood circulation. It is found in the stomach, large and small intestines, and blood vessels.
- Define involuntary and voluntary muscles and examples of each.
Voluntary muscle is one that you can control. Examples are the skeletal muscles like the biceps and triceps.
Involuntary muscles are the ones you cannot control. Examples are the smooth and cardiac muscles like the smooth found in the stomach and the cardiac found in the heart.
- Explain how muscles work in pairs (flexor and extensor)
Muscles can only contract and relax. Muscles can only pull and cannot push. To allow us to push our muscles work in pairs. The flexor muscles will pull the limb closer to the body. The extensor will work opposite and pull the limb extending it from the boys and allowing us to push.
- Explain the two types of exercise and examples of each.
Aerobic exercise helps the cardiac muscles in the body. A few examples are running, rowing, and Zumba.
Weight training (Anaerobic) exercises the skeletal muscles. A few examples are pull ups, bench press, and squats.
Be able to explain in detail how the multiple body systems work together to keep the body in homeostasis.
One example are how the muscular system, integumentary system, and nervous system work together. If a person is running, they are working their muscular system and their internal temperature will begin to rise through the aerobic activity. The nervous system will recognize this temperature increase and send signals to the sweat glands in the integumentary system to start producing sweat. As sweat production is increased it will aid in cooling the body down. Once the workout is over the heat will start to dissipate and the nervous system will send signals to the sweat glands to decrease the amount of sweat production.