Study Guide – Fall Final 2012 Name: ______

Introduction to Biology

  1. A research group conducts a study to reduce blood pressure in patients. In one group of patients, extra calcium is added to the diet. The other group receives a placebo. (A placebo is a pill that has no effect.) Blood pressure is recorded before and after treatment.

Research Question- Will calcium added to the diet reduce blood pressure?

Hypothesis-If I add extra calcium to a person’s diet, then their blood pressure will be reduced.

Independent Variable-The extra calcium

Dependent Variable- The blood pressure

Why must the researcher use a group and not just one or two individuals when conducting experiments? To reduce the impact of outliers (extreme readings)

  1. What are some ways that a scientist can organize their data from an experiment?

Charts, graphs, tables

  1. What is a theory? Can theories be altered or changed? A theory is an accepted explanation for a phenomenon that has been repeated over and over again. Theories can change if new data that refutes the current theory’s explanation
  1. What safety rule should you remember about reporting accidents during a lab?

If there is an accident, always tell the teacher

  1. Rank the following levels of organization from smallest to largest: tissue, cell, organ, organ system, organism (individual), organelle, population, ecosystem, biome, biosphere, community.

Cell  tissue  organ  organ system  organism  population  community  ecosystem  biome  biome  biosphere

Ecology

  1. A. Define a population. A group or organisms of the same species living in a particular area

B. Which of the following graphs shows a population in logistic growth?___A______

Which of the following graphs shows a population in exponential growth? __B______

  1. B.

C. What is carrying capacity? What would cause a population to reach its carrying capacity?

The highest amount of individuals that an environment can carry without changing its resources.

  1. What does an ecosystem consist of? Provide an example of things that are part of an ecosystem

Abiotic: non-living factors (air, wind, water, dirt) and biotic factors : living factors(deer, mice, grass, trees)

  1. What does a biosphere consist of? All of the usable space in the world’s land, water and atmosphere
  1. What are the seven characteristics of living things?

Contains one or more cells, responds to the environment/stimuli, moves, reproduces, undergoes respiration, grow and develop, use energy

  1. Explain and provide an example of maintaining homeostasis.

Homeostasis = staying the same. Ex. Sweating when hot, shivering when cold

  1. Energy flows and matter __cycles_____.
  1. Define the following:

A. Mutualism: +/+ both organisms benefit

B. Parasitism: +/- one organism benefits and one is harmed

  1. Commensalism 0/+ one organisms benefits without harming or helping the other
  1. For each of the following state which type of symbiotic relationship is being described

A. A mosquito bites you to get your blood: parasitism

B. A plant lives on the branches of another plant and does not harm it: commensalism

  1. Bacteria that live in the stomach of a cow help it digest tough plant material: mutualism
  1. What is ecological succession? A predictable change of an ecosystem over time
  1. What is primary succession? Starting from scratch
  1. What is secondary succession? Starting from soil
  1. List the following plants in the order as they would appear in succession: grasses, oak trees, lichens, mosses, pine trees, shrubs

Lichens, mosses, grasses, shrubs, pine trees, oak trees

  1. A. Create a food chain with the following organisms: Algae, big fish, small fish, and shark

B. Label the trophic level of each organism and its producer/consumer status.

  1. How is a food web different from a food chain? Food web is more complex (multiple pathways) than a food chain (single pathway)
  1. How does energy originally enter a food chain? Through plants  photosynthesis
  1. What is biomass? Where is the biomass most greatest? The total mass of all living things in a given area. The biomass is greatest at the bottom of the food chain.
  1. What is an organism’s niche? What can happen if multiple organisms occupy a niche?

Organism’s niche is where it lives in an ecosystem and its role in that ecosystem. If two organisms occupy the same niche they will compete for resources.

  1. What are adaptations and why are they important for organisms?

Evolved changes to an organism that allow for higher fitness

  1. When viewing a food chain or energy pyramid where is the most energy available?

At the bottom of the food chain/web

  1. Define and provide an example of a predator prey relationship.

Cat and mouse

  1. When the number of predators increases, what happens to the number of prey?

As predators increase, prey item decrease

  1. What is the difference between how nutrients and energy move within an ecosystem? Explain with an example of a particular nutrient and energy flow

Nutrients are recycled (water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles). Water cycles from precipitation to either run off or the water is assimilated into the ground. Here it can evaporate and go back into the atmosphere.

  1. Describe the process of biological magnification.

The concentration of a pesticide or chemical as it moves up through an ecosystem.

  1. Explain how humans have impacted the biosphere by filling out the chart

Human Impact / Caused by… / Effects on biosphere
Air pollution / Burning fossil fuels / Acid rain, increased health issues
Deforestation / Deforestation / Lowered biomass and biodiversity
Introduced (invasive) species / Humans introducing non-native organisms / Lowered biomass and biodiversity
Introduction of toxins in an ecosystem / Air, water, land pollution / Biomagnification
Increased human population / Over population / See all the above

30a. What are tropisms? How a plant grows in response to a stimuli

30b. A plant’s response to GRAVITY is called______gravitropism

30c. A plant’s response to WATER is called______hydrotropism

30d. A plant’s response to TOUCH is called______thigmotropism

30e. A plant’s response to LIGHT is called______phototropism

Biochemistry

  1. What is the most abundant molecule in living things? Carbon
  1. What are the most common elements in living things? C, H, O, N, P, S
  2. List the monomer and the function for the following macromolecules:

Monomer / Function
Carbohydrate / Monosaccharides / Quick energy
Lipid / Triglycerides / Long term energy storage
Protein / Amino acids / Structure, repair, enzymes
Nucleic Acid / Nucleotides / Genetic information
  1. Enzymes fit into which category of macromolecules? Proteins
  1. How does an enzyme speed up a chemical reaction? Lowers the activation energy
  1. How does temperature (cold/hot) affect the way that an enzyme functions? Cold slows it down, hot speeds it up. As long as the enzyme is not denatured by the heat.
  1. What is considered the universal solvent? Why is it considered that? Water; it is a polar molecule that can dissolve several substances.
  1. Explain why water is considered a polar molecule?

Oxygen is Negative

Hydrogens are positive

Cell Structure and Transport

  1. List the three parts of the cell theory

1. All living things are made of cells

2. Cells come from other cells

3. The cell is the smallest unit of life

  1. What are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes = no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotes = nucleus and membrane bound organelles

  1. What are the three organelles found in plant cells that make them unique? List their function.

1. Chloroplast – makes food

2. Plant Wall – support and structure

3. Central Vacuole – water storage

  1. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, for example salt water, which way would

water move and what would happen to the cell?

Water would move __out of the cell____ and the cell would ___shrink______.

  1. When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, for example distilled water, which way would

water move and what would happen to the cell?

Water would move __into the cell____ and the cell would ____swell_____.

  1. Name the different types of transport mechanisms that allow molecules to move through the cell membrane, whether energy is requires or not, and if it goes with or against the gradient, and factors that affect the rate of passive transport. Explain how these will affect the rate of transport.

45. Label the following beakers telling what type of a solution the cells are located in.

Beaker One Beaker Two Beaker Three

Hypotonic Hypotonic ____Isotonic___

46. What is the difference between active and passive transport?

Active transport requires __energy_ and moves particles _____against______the

concentration gradient.

47. What is the composition (make-up) of the cell membrane? What properties does the composition allow for? Lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, which allows for the cell membrane to be water tight with specific channels for active transport. The phospholipid layer contain hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic polar heads.

Cell Energy

48. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis? Write the equation and definition for this process

Reactants / Makes these / Products
Carbon Dioxide / Water / Sunlight / Yields / Oxygen / Glucose
CO2 + H2O + Sunlight  O2 + C6H1206
Balanced Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight  6O2 + C6H1206

49. What molecule can we measure in order to determine the rate at which photosynthesis is taking place?

Oxygen; the more oxygen that is being produced the more photosynthesis is taking place.

50. Once produced these products are used in the mitochondria for what process?

Cellular Respiration

51. What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration? Write the equation and definition for this process.

Reactants / Makes these / Products
Oxygen / Glucose / Yields / Energy / Carbon Dioxide / Water
O2 + C6H1206  Energy + CO2 + H2O
Balanced Equation
6O2 + C6H1206  Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O

52. What are the two types of cell respiration? Do humans go through both?

Aerobic and anaerobic; humans do both processes.

53. Under what conditions does lactic acid form? When there is a lack of oxygen

54. What organisms use cellular respiration to create energy? What is the name of the energy molecule that is created through the process of cell respiration

All living things use cellular respiration to create energy. The names of these energy molecules are called Adenine Triphosphate (ATP)

55. In plants and animals when does respiration occur?

When glucose is being burned for metabolic processes, which is whenever the organism needs energy

56. Respiration can be aerobic or anaerobic, aerobic respiration only happens in the presence

of ______oxygen______.

57. When we (humans) use anaerobic respiration to make energy for our muscles, it can result in the build- up of ____lactic acid______, which will result in sore muscles.

Cell Cycle and Division

58. What are the stages of the cell cycle, beginning with interphase? (5 parts). Explain how the chromosomes are arranged at each stage.

1. Interphase- jumbled chromatin

2. Prophase- condensed chromosomes

3. Metaphase- chromosomes lined up down the middle

4. Anaphase- chromatids being pulled apart

5. Telophase- chromosomes on separate sides forming into two nuclei, and un-condensing back into chromatin

59. How is cytokinesis different in plant and animal cells?

In animals cytokinesis happens when the cells are pinched into two new daughter cells; in plants, cytokinesis occurs when a new cell plant is built splitting the two cells.

60. If a cell goes through mitosis, but not cytokinesis what would the cell look like. (sketch) What organelle would be there be two of?

There are two nuclei present.

61. During what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication happen? S phase