End of Semester Spacing Effect Review (Chapters 1-9)
Research
1. Dr. Thompson is testing the effect of verbal reprimands on children’s misbehavior. One group of children receive the verbal reprimand, while another group of children do not. Identify the:
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Control group
d. Experimental group
2. Name any three controls you could use to provide consistency in this experiment and briefly how you would use them.
3. Identify each of the following potential biases that can affect the research process:
a. ______The misconception that more people share your viewpoint than actually do.
b. ______The idea that being watched potentially interferes with an individual or groups’ natural behavior.
c. ______Intentional or unintentional bias implemented in the study by the researcher.
d. ______The tendency to assign human emotions or incentives to animal behavior.
4. Measure of variability that tells you how far any given score lies from the mean.
5. Number that tells you how far a score lies from the mean by units of standard deviation.
6. The “I knew it all along” factor that creates inaccurate judgments.
7. Name the three major types of correlational studies.
8. A normal distribution of scores is referred to as a ______curve.
9. The more Twinkies Joey eats, the less there are in the box. (pos. or neg. correlation?)
10. If someone thinks a drug is working, when its only an inert sugar pill, we call this the ______effect.
11. List the four APA standards of ethics for research.
Neuroscience
12. Which neurotransmitter goes with the following descriptions?
a. Mood, depression:
b. Excitatory:
c. Inhibitory:
d. Muscle control, memory:
e. Pain, pleasure
f. Mood, arousal, (Bipolarism)
g. Perceptual awareness (Schizophrenia)
13. flight or fight response (system of arousal)
14. calms your back down…
15. neuron that relays impulses from the body to the brain
16. neuron that relays impulses from the brain to muscles and glands
17. neuron that relays impulses in the spine to the brain
18. Part of the body’s communication system through hormones secreted into bloodstream
19. tissue damage to the brain
20. Identify the following neuroimaging techniques:
a. Traces glucose in the brain (through blood flow)
b. Traces electrical waves in the brain
c. Reveals soft tissue
d. Soft tissue plus glucose levels
21. Match the following descriptions with the appropriate part of the brain:
a. Part of hindbrain- arousal and sleep:
b. Part of hindbrain- life functions of heartbeat and breathing
c. Part of hindbrain- balance and fine motor skills
d. Part of Limbic system: emotions of fear or aggression
e. Part of Limbic system: drives (and regulates Pituitary gland)
f. Part of Limbic system: “master gland”
g. Part of Limbic system: processes memory
h. Part of forebrain: handles all complex reasoning (thin layer under skull)
i. Name the four lobes and what each does
j. Sensory switchboard for all senses except smell
k. Bridge of fibers that integrate hemispheres
l. Hemisphere of spatial relationships, intuition, creativity, and facial recognition
m. Hemisphere of language, sequential thought and logic
n. Processes motor speech
o. Processes language comprehension
22. Language impairment is called…
Developmental Psych
23. Study comparing development between age groups over a relatively short period of time.
24. Study tracing the development of one age group over a more extensive period of time.
25. Name used for identical twins / 100% shared DNA
26. ______twins are fraternal twins = ~50 shared DNA
27. ______: a fertilized egg (begins cell division)
28. Bouchard Minnesota Twin Study / Adoption Studies: Significant correlational studies that suggest ______affect certain human traits such as personality
29. Type of study that investigates differences between individuals and to what extent those differences are caused by genes: ______
30. ______Emotional excitability (tends to remain stable over time…)
31. ______Psychology studies of how traits that enhance survival are passed down over generations (encoded in DNA)
32. One’s sense of identity as influenced by being male or female
33. ______traditional behaviors, duties of genders
34. ______Expectation or assignment of traditional male, female roles in society
35. ______Complex molecule containing genes
36. ______thread-like structure containing genes (23rd pair determine sex of offspring)
37. Segment of DNA that determines biological traits: ______
38. Toxic substances that can pass through the placenta and harm the baby during fetal development.
39. Leading teratogen related developmental issue: results in mental retardation, poor motor coordination or impaired attention etc.
40. ______Biological, universal growth processes / orderly changes in behavior (sets the basic course of development while environment adjusts it)
41. Newborn instincts: when touched on the cheek, infant will turn to feed in that direction:
42. Study used to study infants’ cognition (the newer the stimulus, the more attention paid)
43. Harlow’s Monkey Experiment: (Early attachment) ______is the critical factor for early attachment and emotional security
44. ______Optimal period right after birth in which exposure, nurture creates proper development
45. Form of attachment based on first experience (gosling, chick, duckling)
46. Mary Ainsworth: Secure / Insecure attachment
a. ______: comfortable in mother’s presence / Mother’s departure = initial distress / Mother’s return = seek contact
b. ______: Cling to mother /Mother’s departure = extended distress or indifference / Return = cling or indifference
c. ______: Indifferent to mother’s presence, departure, return
47. Parenting styles:
a. ______parents: impose rules and expect obedience. (Strict- “Because I said so.”
b. ______parents: Few demands, little punishment- (submit to child’s demands / “Do your own thing.”)
c. ______parents: Demanding and responsive (Enforce and explain / justify the rules / Open discussion with teenagers / exceptions to rules…)
Stage Theories of Development
48. Piaget: Cognitive development (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Op. , Formal Op.)
a. Concept of mental framework: ______
b. Object Permanence: (still there even if you can’t see it…!) (sensorimotor)
c. ______: Incorporating new experiences into existing schema (Sensorimotor)
d. ______: Adapting schemas to incorporate new information (Sesorimotor)
e. ______:Can’t perceive things from others’ point of view (to age 3) (Preoperational)
f. ______(age 4)– Understand another’s perspective / infer other’s feelings
g. ______“Quantity remains same despite changes in shape.” (Concrete Operational)
49. Kohlberg: Moral development (Preconventional, Conventional, Post-conventional)
50. Erikson: Psychosocial development (8 stages- trust vs. mistrust, identity vs. role confusion, generativity vs. stagnation)
Adolescence / Adulthood
51. ______sex Characteristics body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
52. ______sex Characteristics: nonreproductive sexual characteristics (female--breast and hips, male--voice quality and body hair)
53. ______: first menstrual period
54. ______:end of menstrual cycle
55. ______intelligence: Speedy abstract reasoning / very gradual decline after 20’s
56. ______intelligence: Knowledge base / continues to expand through lifetime
57. Dementia = mental erosion (memory, processing etc.)
58. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross: List the 5 Stages of Grief:
Sensation
59. Study of how physical energy affects our psychological experience:
60. The conversion of physical energy into a neural impulse”
61. Minimum stimulus needed to detect that stimulus 50% of the time.
62. Minimum change in stimulus needed to detect that change 50% of the time.
63. Principle that JND stays at a constant proportion of change:
64. The more we are exposed to a stimulus, the less we notice it:
65. Stimuli below our absolute threshold:
66. Review each part of the eye and its specific role in vision
67. Aspect of the light wave that determines hue or color:
68. Aspect of the light wave that determines intensity or brightness:
69. Term used to describe how the lens changes shape to reflect images on the retina:
70. Term used to describe our detailed, colored vision:
71. Color theory that says receptor cells come in three colors: red, green and blue:
72. Color theory that explains well color deficiencies and afterimages:
73. Theory of how we combine visual characteristics like angle, shape and movement into one three dimensional image:
74. Process by which our brain integrates different sensory signals into one perceptual experience:
75. Damage to hair cells in the basilar membrane causes ______hearing loss.
76. Where does transduction take place in the eye? The ear?
77. Review the parts of the ear and the role of each.
78. Our sense of taste is generated by ______receptors.
79. Our sense of smell is generated by ______receptors.
80. Sense of balance is called ______sense.
81. Position of body and location and movement of its parts is called ______.
Perception
82. Type of processing in which perception is influenced by expectation and past experience:
83. We can only focus on one thing at a time:
84. Name three examples of inattention due to selective attention:
85. Our tendency to immediately perceive or group things as a whole is called:
86. List three examples of how perceptual organization with Gestalt.
87. Binocular cue where the brain calculates the difference of angle of vision of each eye to determine depth perception:
88. Name three examples of monocular cues:
89. Face blindness is called:
States of Consciousness
90. Cite three types of biological rhythms and give an example for each.
91. What is a circadian rhythm? Provide two factors that can disrupt it.
92. Explain the human sleep cycle as it progresses through a normal night’s sleep.
93. Provide the stage of sleep associated with each description below:
a. Vivid dreams h. alpha waves
b. Paradoxical sleep i. delta waves
c. Deep, restful sleep j. growth hormone released
d. Sleep spindles k. transition to deep sleep
e. Sleep walking, bedwetting l. 50% of sleep cycle
f. Night terrors m. sleep onset
g. Genital arousal n. restores immune system
94. Identify each sleep disorder with the description below:
a. sudden, random onset of deep sleep: ______(most dangerous…)
b. inability to fall asleep or return to sleep: ______
c. cessation of breathing during sleep: ______
d. active sleep stage of screaming, physical movement ______(mostly children)
e. sleepwalking ______
95. The theory that the body or mind needs REM sleep is supported by the principle of ______.
96. How does the Suprachiasmatic nucleus and melatonin affect one’s circadian rhythm?
97. Which theory argues that dreams are simply a biological characteristic of sleep that is common to all mammals? (The cerebral cortex tries to rationalize into a story random electrical impulses.) ______
98. Which theory argues that dreams help us cope with and process issues we experience? ______
99. According to Freud, what are the two “contents” of our dreams and what does each represent?
Hypnosis: Provide the term associated with each description below.
100. ______: The suggestion that a specific condition will continue after the hypnotic session has ended.
100.______: The theory that a split consciousness can be created during hypnosis that is effective in treating acute pain.
101. What is the social influence theory regarding hypnosis?
102. ______: The idea or principle that those under hypnosis maintain a certain level of control of their awareness and behavior.
Psychoactive Drugs
103. Provide three examples for each classification of drug below and a key neurotransmitter affected:
a. Depressant:
b. Stimulant:
c. Hallucinogen:
102. Provide any two specific examples of how neurotransmitters are affected by psychoactive drugs.
103. Review the significance of each of the following:
a. Blood brain barrier b. tolerance c. withdraws d. psychological dependence
104. Explain the role of the Dopamine reward center in relation to drug addiction. What region of the brain becomes dominant during the course of addiction?
Learning
Classical Conditioning (= stimuli! Natural responses- applications: fears, phobias / addictions)
Ivan Pavlov (Identify each below using Pavlov’s experiment)
Ø US
Ø UR
Ø NS (neutral stimulus)
Ø CS
Ø CR
Explain each of the following in relation to Pavlov’s experiment:
Ø Acquisition
Ø Extinction
Ø Spontaneous Recovery
Ø Generalization / Discrimination
Ø Second order (higher order conditioning)
John Watson
Ø Aversive conditioning / Baby Albert (What type of stimulus? Implications?)
Garcia and Koelling experiment: animals/humans biologically wired to make certain associations easier than others (ex. Food / sickness, or nausea)
Operant Conditioning (Consequences!)
Thorndike: pioneer- Law of Effect (effects of positive, negative reinforcement on behavior)
Skinner (Skinner Box)
Ø ______Consequence that encourages behavior
Ø ______Consequence that discourages behavior
Ø ______: adds something pleasant to encourage behavior
Ø ______: Removes something unpleasant to encourage behavior
Ø ______:Adds something negative to discourage behavior
Ø ______Removes something pleasant to discourage behavior
Ø Classify each of the following with one of four above:
Ø Wearing a coat to avoid cold =______$25 for raking yard= ______
Ø Losing your license for speeding = ______Spanking child for a tantrum = ______
Ø Shaping: (provide example)
Ø Chaining( provide example
Primary reinforcers are natural reinforcers, like ______, ______, or ______.
Secondary reinforcers are things we learn to value like ______or ______.
Fixed ratio (FR) Fixed # of ______for reinforcement (quick learning, quick extinction)
Variable ratio (VR) Reinforcement after varied # of ______(slowest extinction)
Fixed Interval (FI) / Variable Interval (VI) are based on the amount of ______that elapses before the reinforcement is given.
Token Economy: Tokens as positive reinforcement that can be used as ______to exchange for goods(schools, prisons, mental institutions)
______: ignore reinforcement, or learned behavior to follow natural, or instinctive behavior
______: Preferred behavior can be used to reinforce unpreferred behavior (“eat lima beans and you may be excused”)
Other forms of learning: escape vs. avoidance / Cognitive / Observant / Latent / Insight
______’s Bobo Doll experiment pioneered research on ______learning.
Memory (storing of information over time)
Encoding (placing info into memory)