Chapter 24
Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS
What are STDs?
· ______– infections spread from person to person through sexual contact
· also know as sexually transmitted ______(STIs)
· communicable diseases spread through engaging in ______activity that involves direct genital contact or the exchange of ______or other body fluids with someone infected with an STD
· ______STDs can be cured with medication
· viral STDs are ______
· early ______and ______are crucial for controlling or curing as STD
· several of the most common are ______– individuals show no symptoms, or the symptoms are mild and disappear after the onset of the infection
· a person with an undiagnosed STD may ______pass it on to partner(s)
· risk of contracting an STD ______with the number of sexual partners increases
· approximately ______people between 15-24 yrs. old will become infected with a STD each year
· ______more likely to suffer complications from STDs and the effects are more serious
· Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates direct medical costs linked to STDs are more than ______a year
· approximately ______different STDs worldwide
Common STDs
· Genital HPV Infections
- caused by ______(HPV)
- HPV: a group of more than ______kinds of viruses, ______of which are transmitted through sexual contact
- close to ______people in U.S. infected each year
- can cause ______(bumps or growths on or near genitals)
- most infections are ______and will disappear without medical treatment
- some infections if not diagnosed and treated, may cause abnormal ______tests or result in certain types of ______
- vaccine treatment for ______is available, but it is not a cure
· Chlamydia
- ______infection that affects the reproductive organs of both males and females
- about ______new cases each year
- affects young females ______times more often than males
- less than half of cases are ______
- often asymptomatic
- most common STD among ______
- if left untreated if females ® ______(PID), chronic pelvic pain, ______
- if left untreated in males it can lead to ______
- infected pregnant females can deliver ______, infants may develop eye disease, ______, or fatal complications
- infected females are 5 times more likely to become infected with ______if exposed to virus
· Genital Herpes
- caused by the ______virus
- herpes simplex _____ usually causes cold sores in or near mouth
- herpes simplex _____typically causes genital sores
- both types can infect mouth and genitals
- ______people ages 12 and up, in the U.S., have genital herpes
- often asymptomatic
- if symptomatic, first outbreak usually appears as ______on genitals or rectum within ______of virus being transmitted
- blisters break, leaving ______that can take several weeks to heal
- future outbreaks are usually shorter and less severe, but can occur on and off for ______
- antiviral treatments can ______frequency of outbreaks, but there is ______CURE
· Gonorrhea
- ______infection that usually affects mucous membranes
- ______most commonly reported infectious disease in the U.S.
- an estimated 700,000+ Americans are infected each year ® only half of these are ______
- males symptoms are often ______, female symptoms are usually mild
- if untreated, can lead to ______, spread to bloodstream and cause permanent ______damage, females can pass it on to offspring during childbirth causing eye infections that lead to ______
· Trichomoniasis
- caused by a microscopic ______that results in infections of the vagina, urethra, and bladder
- about ______new cases every year in U.S.
- may not produce symptoms, some males have a temporary irritation inside ______, mild discharge, or slight burning during and after ______or ejaculation
- females often experience ______(inflammation of vagina with discharge, odor, irritation and itching); also more likely to contract HIV if exposed
- babies born to infected mothers are often premature and have low birth weights
· Syphilis
- infection caused by a small bacterium called a ______
- attacks many parts of the body
- sores develop in genital area that last several weeks
- passed through direct contact with the ______during sexual activity
- 3 stage of syphilis:
§ primary stage:
· sore appears on external genitals or vagina
· can be easily ______at this stage
· without treatment - sores heal, infection still ______
§ 2nd stage:
· skin rash
· untreated rash will disappear, but infection remains
§ 3rd stage:
· can damage internal organs, cause brain dementia and may cause ______
The STD Epidemic
· each year an estimated ______people in the U.S. are infected with an STD
· ______are under age 24
· many STDs go undiagnosed and untreated because of:
o ______
o ______
o ______
§ state law requires health care providers to report certain STDs
§ people who contracted HPV infections or genital herpes are not required to report their infections or inform any partners of their condition
Prevention Through Abstinence
· ______infections can be treated with ______ – a class of chemical agents that destroy disease-causing micro-organisms while leaving the patient unharmed
· viral infections are ______
· any STDs that are not diagnosed early and treated can result in serious ______or long-term health consequences
· only method 100% successful in preventing the contraction and spread of STDs is ______
· to protect your health and committed to abstinence:
o set personal limits on physical affection
o ______
o avoid situations where you may feel pressured to engage in sexual activity
o ______
o choose group outings where you can enjoy the company of friends and avoid pressure to engage in sexual activity
o ______
o practice refusal skills – use words and body language to resist the pressure to engage in sexual activity
Avoiding High-Risk Behaviors and STDS
· being sexually active with more than one person
· engaging in ______sex
- even protected sex is not ______effective in preventing the transmission
· engaging in sexual activity with ______partners
- those with a history of being sexually active with more than one person
- injected illegal drug users
- a person’s ______about their past behavior is not wise
· using alcohol and other drugs
- lowers ______
HPV Vaccine
- vaccine that can prevent ______cancer, pre-cancerous genital lesions (or sores), and genital warts caused by genital HPV infection
- protects against ______types of HPV infections
- recommended for females ______years old
- studies are being done to learn its benefits for males
- ______vaccines available for any other type of STD
Diagnosing and Treating STDs
- if you believe you may be infected, talk to a health care ______
- many public health clinics provide information and treatment ______of charge
- STDs ______be cured with common household products, homemade remedies, or over-the-counter treatments
- taking medications prescribed to others is always ______
- report any known infections for help to locate past partners
- it is the ______of any person infected with an STD to notify everyone with whom he or she has had sexual contact…it could save a life
What is HIV/AIDS
- Human ______virus (HIV)
- virus that attacks the ______system
- finds and destroys all ______blood cells that fight ______
- final stage = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): disease in which the immune system is
weakened
- one of the deadliest diseases in human history
- 25 ______worldwide died as a result of this disease, ______Americans
- an estimated 40 million worldwide currently have this disease
- approximately 12 million of the people who have HIV/AIDS are in the ______age group
- every ______about 7,000 young people become infected
- considered a ______(a global outbreak of infectious disease)
- many of the young people infected do not ______it
Understanding HIV/AIDS
- HIV cannot live ______the human body
- exposure to air at room temperature ______the virus
- cannot be spread through ______transmission, casual contact or insect bites
- virus has been found in sweat, tears and saliva but amount is too ______to be dangerous
- transmitted among humans when one person’s infected ______, ______, or ______secretions comes in contact with another person’s broken skin or mucous membranes (found in the mouth, eyes, nose, vagina, rectum and opening of the penis)
- HIV is spread in three ways:
· ______
o enters ______through microscopic openings in tissues of the vagina, anus, mount, or opening of penis
o people infected with other STDs are more vulnerable to HIV infection because STDs cause changes in certain membranes
· ______
o virus enters directly into bloodstream
o drug use, body piercing and tattoo needles can be contaminated
· ______
o can pass to unborn baby through ______
o expectant mothers can take medication that might prevent her child from contracting HIV
o during childbirth, doctors work to prevent child from coming in contact with mother’s ______
o infected mother should not ______her baby
o number of infected infants has declined in U.S. since pregnant mothers are routinely ______for HIV
How HIV/AIDS Affects the Immune System
- attacks body’s immune system by destroying ______(specialized white blood cells that perform many immune functions, such as fighting pathogens)
- 2 types of lymphocytes: _____cells and _____cells
- Helper T cells stimulate B cells to produce ______, which help destroy pathogens that enter the body
- HIV enters certain cells, including lymphocytes, ______itself and eventually destroys the cell
- immune system becomes weaker as more and more cells are destroyed → body becomes vulnerable to AIDS-______ (infections that body could fight off it the immune system were healthy)
Stages of HIV Infection
· ______stage
- can last for ______years or more
- virus largely confined to lymph nodes, where it invades and takes over ______
- no ______signs of infection
· Middle stage
- occurs in about ______of infected patients
- experience fever, ______, sore throat, rash, diarrhea, and enlarged lymph nodes
· ______stage
- Helper T cells fall to 200 to 400 per milliliter of blood
- ______symptoms: headache, fever, body aches, swollen, glands, diminished appetite, weight loss, skin rashes
· AIDS stage
- Helper T cells drop to less than ______
- one or more ______are present
Giving or Receiving Blood
- in U.S., health care professionals always use ______needles to draw blood
- all donated blood has been tested for HIV since ______
- U.S. blood supply is among the ______in the world
Preventing HIV/AIDS
- more than ______Americans estimated to be living with HIV
- ______infected each year
- ______new cases young people between the ages of 13 and 24
- being ______active and/or an intravenous drug user increases your risk of contracting it
- cannot tell if a person is infected just by looking at them
- many ______that they are HIV-positive can unknowingly spread the virus to others
- behaviors that will help protect you from infection:
§ ______
§ ______
§ ______
§ ______when you feel pressured to engage in risky behaviors
Diagnosing HIV/AIDS
- if you believe you have been exposed – get tested…everyone who is sexually active should be tested regularly
- testing available in a doctor’s office, local health department or hospital and sites that specialize in HIV testing
- some health departments will do the test for ______
- a ______sample or an ______specimen from between the inside of the cheek and gum is collected and sent to a laboratory for analysis
- results usually known within _____ weeks
Types of Laboratory HIV Tests
- samples are screened for HIV ______
- a person’s body does not ______have HIV antibodies→ produced only in presence of an infection
- most common tests:
· ______(enzyme immunoassay)
o first test usually run
o test that screens for the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood
o if results are ______→ HIV antibodies present → EIA is repeated
o 2nd test positive → Western blot test is run
o both tests more than ______accurate
· ______
o test that detects HIV antibodies and confirms the results of earlier EIA tests
o used only after EIA tests produce positive results
o if results of 2 EIA tests and the Western blot tests are all positive, a person is diagnosed with ______
o combined tests are expensive
o many health departments and HIV/AIDS information and counseling centers will pay
o for the costs of these test
*Additional tests:
· ______
o viral load test
o shows how many copies of the virus are circulating in the blood
· ______
o looks at number of white blood cells in a sample of blood
· ______
o HIV test that produces results in only 20 minutes
o used in situations where the infected person might ______to learn results
o blood sample immediately analyzed on site
Home Testing Kits
- marketed on Internet, newspapers and magazines
- most are not ______
- make sure test is approved by the ______
- FDA approved tests requires providing a spot of dried ______, which is then mailed to an approved lab for analysis
- results ______accurate and available within 2 weeks
- appropriate counseling and referrals provided with results
Benefits of Early Diagnosis
· begin proper medical care early to ______the progress of the virus
· avoid behaviors that could ______HIV to others
· gain peace of mind when the results are negative
Treating HIV/AIDS
· medications slow the growth of HIV/AIDS, but there is ______cure
· many drugs used to treat opportunistic infections (pneumonia and some types of cancers)
· the combination of drugs used know as ______(HAART)
· in 2006, FDA approved a once-daily, single-pill treatment for HIV/AIDS