Semester 1 Biology Final Exam Review and Study Packet

Name ______Date ______Period _____

Semester 1 Biology Final Exam Review and Study Packet

Chapter 3: Be able to

-  Describe and identify the unifying characteristics of life

-  Use characteristics to distinguish five kingdoms, including prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

-  Use a dichotomous key to identify an organism

Vocabulary:

Name ______Date ______Period _____

-  prokaryotic

-  eukaryotic

-  autotrophic

-  unicellular

-  multicellular

-  sexual reproduction

-  asexual reproduction

Name ______Date ______Period _____

Practice:

1.  List at least 5 characteristics of life that are true for all living things.

GROW, DEVELOP, ENERGY REQUIRED, REPRODUCE, HOMEOSTASIS

2.  What is the major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?

PROKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE NO NUCLEUS, EUKARYOTES DO.

3.  Describe the major differences between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. Between mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis occurs in bacteria and body cells. It produces two cells identical to the parent cell and with the same amount of DNA. Meiosis occurs in the sex cells. It is called sexual reproduction and produces 4 gametes (sex cells)

4.  For each kingdom of life below tell whether it is:

Prokaryotic
Or
Eukaryotic / Single-cellular,
Multicellular
or Both / How it reproduces
Archaea & Eubacteria / prokaryotic / Single celled / mitosis
Protista / x / both / meiosis
Fungi / eukaryotic / multi / meiosis
Plantae / eukaryotic / multi / meiosis
Animalia / eukaryotic / multi / meiosis

Chapter 4: Be able to

-  Describe the structure and function of cell membranes

-  Describe and distinguish active and passive transport, including the roles of proteins, energy and the concentration gradient

-  Predict the effects of osmosis on cells in different concentrations of solutions

-  Identify the parts of a cell and their functions: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, cell membrane, cell wall, ribosome

-  Describe the major ideas of mitosis: purpose, final products, effect on DNA (not phases)

Vocabulary:

Name ______Date ______Period _____

-  phospholipid bilayer

-  active transport

-  passive transport

-  membrane proteins

-  cell membrane

-  cell wall

-  mitochondria

-  chloroplast

-  mitosis

-  chromosome

-  nucleus

Name ______Date ______Period _____

Practice:

1.  Complete the table for molecular transport in cells:

Type of Molecular movement

/

Does it always involve a membrane?

/

Move from high to low concentration, or low to high?

/

Does it require energy?

/

Does it require membrane proteins?

/
Diffusion / no / High to low / No / No
Osmosis / yes / High to low / No / No
Active transport / yes / Low to high / Yes / yes
Passive transport / yes / High to low / no / no

2.  Label the major parts of cell membrane below:

The big circles are proteins. The items sticking out of the proteins are carbohydrates. The rest is the phospholipid bilayer.

3.  What are the two major functions of the cell membrane?
to regulate which molecules go in and out, to maintain homeostasis

4.  In the diagram below, consider the dots to be molecules of a solute in a water solution. The space between the dots is water. The cell membrane is semi-permeable.

For each cell system, tell whether the outside solution is isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic.

A ______isotonic______

B ______hypertonic______

C ______hypotonic______

For each system, draw arrows showing whether water (white) will move into the cell, out of the cell or neither.

5.  If a jellyfish is placed in distilled water, where there is a lower concentration of salt on the outside of the cells than inside, what will happen to the jellyfish cells?

Water will move into the jellyfish cells because if there is lower concentration of salt on the outside, then there is also more water on the outside. The water moves in because the cells are surrounded by a hypotonic solution.

1.  Describe the important function of each cell organelle listed below:

a.  Nucleus _______contains DNA and controls which proteins are made in the cell and other cell functions. ______

b.  Mitochondria ______energy molecule of the cell ______

c.  Chloroplast ______for photosynthesis in plants ______

d.  Ribosome ______makes proteins ______

e.  Cell wall ______

7.  Describe the results of mitosis, cell division. Be sure to include in your description:

-  the number of cells

-  the number of chromosomes compared to the original cell

-  how the DNA information in the new cells compares with each other and the original cell

Mitosis creates TWO cells, identical to the parent cell. The daughter cells and parent cell are diploid in number. This means they have 2N = 46 chromosomes in a human. The TOTAL number of chromosomes of the organism.

8.  If a flea-beetle has 32 chromosomes in a body cell, how many chromosomes will be in the cells resulting from mitosis, cell division?
2N = 32 diploid number

9.  How will the information in each of the DNA of the cells that result from mitosis compare?

The information will be identical

Chapter 11: Be able to

-  Use a punnett square to determine the probable outcome of a single trait cross

-  Describe the big ideas about meiosis: purpose, final outcomes, what happens to chromosome number, and how the genetic information in the products compares

-  Describe the number of chromosomes in the body cells of a human, and where they come from

-  Identify where the chromosomes in a homologous pair come from

-  Explain the purpose and genetic result of fertilization

Vocabulary:

Name ______Date ______Period _____

-  homozygous

-  heterozygous

-  punnett square

-  allele

-  dominant

-  recessive

-  meiosis

-  homologous chromosomes

-  haploid

-  diploid

-  gamete

-  sperm

-  egg

-  fertilization

Name ______Date ______Period _____

Practice:

1.  What is the role of chromosomes in cells? Contain the genetic code for the organism

2.  How many chromosomes in a human body cell? ______46______

3.  What is the purpose of meiosis in organisms?

sexual reproduction to produce sperm and egg, gametes, sex cells

4.  For the results of meiosis in humans. Give:

•  The number of cells that result ______four______

•  The name of the cells that result ______gametes______

•  The number of chromosomes in the resulting cells ______23 or N or haploid______

•  How the genetic information compares between the resulting cells ___different and unique ______

5.  What is the purpose of fertilization in organisms?

reproduction

6.  How many chromosomes in a human zygote (the first cell of the offspring, formed by fertilization)? ______46______

7.  Where does the zygote (offspring) get its chromosomes?
from the parents – 23 from mom – 23 from dad

8.  Where do the chromosomes in a homologous pair come from?
mom and dad

9.  What happens to the number of chromosomes per cell during meiosis?
it is reduced in half From 46 to 23

10.  What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?
haploid is 23 diploid is 46 Haploid is always one half the diploid number. For example, if the diploid number is 12, the haploid number is 6

11.  In cattle, Hornless (H) is dominant over horned (h). A homozygous hornless bull is mated with a homozygous horned cow. Draw a punnett square in the space for this cross and answer the questions below.

H / H
h / Hh / Hh
h / Hh / Hh

12. 

13.  What is the percent probability that a cow from this cross will have horns? ____0___

14.  What is the percent probability that a cow from this cross will be hornless? ____100___

15.  Now draw a punnet square for a cross between two heterozygous horned cows.

H / h
H
h

16.  What is the percent probability that a cow from this cross will have horns? ___100___

17.  What is the percent probability that a cow from this cross will be hornless? ____0__

18.  If these two heterozygous cows are mated several times, will their offspring have exactly these percentages of horned versus hornless offspring? Explain why or why not.

YES BECAUSE PUNNETT SQUARES SHOW THE PROBABILITY OF THE GENETIC CROSS.