Ronald William Skelton P.1

Ronald William Skelton P.1

Ronald William Skelton p.1

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME: Ronald William SKELTON

CITIZENSHIP: Canadian

CURRENT POSITION

Associate Professor

Department of Psychology

University of Victoria

Box 3050

Victoria, British Columbia

V8W 3P5

EDUCATIONAL HISTORY

B.Sc. (Honours: Biology & Psychology) 1973 Bishop's University

Lennoxville, Quebec

M.A. (Experimental Psychology) 1978 Concordia University

Supervisor: P. ShizgalMontreal, Quebec

Area: Behavioural neurophysiology of motivation

Thesis: "Motivational effects of parametric manipulations of electrical brain stimulation of the rat lateral hypothalamus."

Ph.D. (Physiological Psychology) 1982 Univ. of British Columbia

Supervisor: A.G. PhillipsVancouver, B.C.

Additional supervision: D.M. Wilkie (Psychology), J.J. Miller (Physiology)

Area: Neurophysiology of learning and memory

Thesis: "Long-term potentiation and discrimination learning"

POSITIONS HELD

1982-1984 NSERC Postdoctoral Fellow,

with Richard F. Thompson, Stanford University

1984-1994 Assistant Professor, NSERC University Research Fellow,

Department of Psychology, University of Victoria

1994-1997 Assistant Professor, with tenure

Department of Psychology, University of Victoria

1997- Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Victoria

2000 Acting Assistant Dean and Director, Advising Centre for Humanities, Science and Social Sciences (Jul-Dec)

RESEARCH ACTIVITY

Areas of Research

1973-74Animal models of epilepsy and alcoholism. Research assistant for J.P.J. Pinel, U.B.C.

1974-76Neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of ingestive behaviours and reinforcement. Research assistant for R.A. Wise, Concordia University.

1976-77Neurophysiology of positive and negative reinforcement. M.A. student, Concordia University, P. Shizgal supervisor.

1977-82Neurophysiology of learning: The contribution of hippocampal synaptic plasticity to operant conditioning. Ph.D. student, U.B.C., A.G. Phillips supervisor, D.M. Wilkie (Psychology) and J.J. Miller (Physiology) co-supervisors.

1983-84Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of learning: The role of the deep cerebellar nuclei in rabbit eyelid conditioning. NSERC post-doctoral fellow, Stanford University. R.F. Thompson, principle investigator.

1984-90Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of learning: The role of synaptic plasticity in learning. Analysis of the contribution of the cerebellar nuclei to eyelid conditioning, and the hippocampus to spatial learning. NSERC University Research Fellow, University of Victoria.

1990-97Neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and neuropharmacology of learning and recovery of function after brain damage. Analysis of mechanisms of spatial learning and navigation in the Morris water maze. Focus on contributions of BZD/GABAa receptors, cholinergic systems and long-term potentiation. New research on effects of common clinical medications on recovery of cognitive function after traumatic brain injury in both rats and humans.

1994 - Recovery of function after brain injury in humans. Initially my interest was in attention deficits, and then deficits in explicit memory. Starting in 1996, I have been investigating deficits in spatial cognition (spatial learning, memory and navigation), primarily after traumatic brain injury, but to some extent after strokes and aging. This research uses computerised “virtual space” to produce a task exactly analogous to that used with laboratory animals to assess hippocampal function behaviourally.

1996 - Recovery of function after brain injury in humans – Comprehensive Assessment In collaboration with clinical neuropsychologists and other rehabilitation therapy professionals I have been developing a comprehensive outcome measurement tool, the Functional Outcome Profile (FOP). This semi-structured interview solicits quantitative ratings of current functional status from survivors and their significant others in 63 different domains of everyday life, ranging from sensory motor problems, through cognitive, health, leisure and work issues, and personality issues to social dynamics, interpersonal relations and community integration.

Refereed Publications

  1. Pinel, J.P.J., Skelton, R.W., & Mucha, R.F. (1976). Kindling-related changes in after-discharge "thresholds". Epilepsia, 17, 197-206.
  2. Corbett, R.D., Skelton, R.W., & Wise, R.A. (1977). Dorsal noradrenergic bundle lesions fail to disrupt self-stimulation from the region of the locus coeruleus. Brain Research, 133, 37-44.
  3. Skelton, R.W., Spetch, M.L., & Wilkie, D.M. (1980). A method for automatically recording topographical differences in pigeons' keypecking for food and water reinforcers. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 12, 349-352.
  4. Skelton, R.W., & Shizgal, P. (1980). Parametric analysis of ON- and OFF- responding for hypothalamic stimulation. Physiology and Behavior, 25, 699-706.
  5. Shizgal, P., Bielajew, C., Corbett, R.D., Skelton, R.W., & Yeomans, J.S. (1980). Behavioral method for inferring conduction velocity and anatomical linkage: I. Pathways connecting rewarding brain stimulation sites. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 94, 227-237.
  6. Spetch, M.L., Wilkie, D.M., & Skelton, R.W. (1981). Control of pigeons' keypecking topography by a schedule of alternating food and water reinforcement. Animal Learning and Behavior, 9, 2-8.
  7. Skelton, R.W., Miller, J.J., & Phillips, A.G. (1983). Low frequency stimulation of the perforant path produces long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of unanesthetized rats. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 61, 83-89.
  8. Skelton, R.W., Miller, J.J., & Phillips, A.G. (1985). Long-term potentiation facilitates behavioral responding to single-pulse stimulation of the perforant path. Behavioral Neuroscience, 99, 603-620
  9. Skelton, R.W., Scarth, A.S., Wilkie, D.M., Miller, J.J., & Phillips, A.G. (1987). Long-term increases in dentate granule cell responsivity accompany operant conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience, 7, 3081-3087.
  10. Skelton, R.W. (1988). Bilateral cerebellar lesions disrupt conditioned eyelid responses in unrestrained rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 102, 586-590
  11. Skelton, R.W., Mauk, M.D., & Thompson, R.F. (1988). Cerebellar nucleus lesions dissociate alpha conditioning from alpha responses in rabbits. Psychobiology, 16, 126-134.
  12. Grace, G.M., Corcoran, M. E., & Skelton, R. W. (1990). Kindling with stimulation of the dentate gyrus: I. Characterization of electrographic and behavioral events. Brain Research, 590, 249-256.
  13. Grace, G.M., Corcoran, M.E., & Skelton, R.W. (1990). Kindling with stimulation of the dentate gyrus: II. Effects on evoked field potentials. Brain Research, 590, 257-265.
  14. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1991). Diazepam impairs acquisition but not performance in the Morris water maze. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour, 38, 651-658.
  15. McNamara, R.K. & Skelton, R.W. (1991) Pretraining morphine impairs acquisition and performance in the Morris water maze: Motivation rather than amnesia. Psychobiology, 19, 313-322.
  16. Skelton, R.W. & McNamara, R.K. (1992) Bilateral knife cuts of the perforant path disrupt spatial learning in the Morris water maze. Hippocampus, 2, 73-80.
  17. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1992) Assessment of a cholinergic contribution to chlordiazepoxide-induced deficits of place learning in the Morris water maze. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 41, 529-538.
  18. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1992) Like diazepam, CL 218,872, a selective ligand for the benzodiazepine 1 receptor subtype, impairs place learning in the Morris water maze. Psychopharmacology, 107, 347-351.
  19. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1992) Pharmacological dissociation between the spatial learning deficits produced by morphine and diazepam. Psychopharmacology, 108, 147-152.
  20. Stanton, M.E., Freeman, J.H., and Skelton, R.W. (1992) Eyeblink conditioning in the developing rat. Behavioral Neuroscience, 106, 657-665.
  21. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1993) The neuropharmacological and neurochemical basis of place learning in the Morris water maze. Brain Research Reviews, 18, 33-49.
  22. McNamara, R.K., Kirkby, R.D., dePape, G.E., Skelton, R.W., and Corcoran, M.E. (1993) Differential effects of kindling and kindled seizures on place learning in the Morris water maze. Hippocampus, 3, 149-152.
  23. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1993) Benzodiazepine receptor antagonists flumazenil and CGS 8216 and inverse-agonist -CCM enhance spatial learning in the rat: Dissociation from anxiogenic actions. Psychobiology, 21, 101-108.
  24. Freeman, J.H., Spencer, C.O., Skelton, R.W. and Stanton, M.E. (1993) Ontogeny of eyeblink conditioning in the rat: Effects of US intensity and interstimulus interval on delay conditioning. Psychobiology, 21, 233-242.
  25. McNamara, R.K., dePape, G.E. and Skelton, R.W. (1993) Differential effects of benzodiazepine receptor agonists on hippocampal long-term potentiation and spatial learning in the Morris water maze. Brain Research, 626, 63-70.
  26. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1993) Effects of central infusions of chlordiazepoxide on spatial learning in the Morris water maze. I. Neuroanatomical specificity. Behavioural Brain Research, 59, 175-191.
  27. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1993) Effects of central infusions of chlordiazepoxide on spatial learning in the Morris water maze. II. Pharmacological specificity. Behavioural Brain Research, 59, 193-204.
  28. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1996) Baclofen, a selective GABAB receptor agonist, dose-dependently impairs spatial learning in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior, 53, 303-308.
  29. McNamara, R.K., Davis, T.M., and Skelton, R.W. (1996) Effects of aging on the spatial learning deficit produced by diazepam in rats. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 20, 873 881.
  30. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1997) Tolerance develops to the spatial learning deficit produced by diazepam in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior, 56, 383-389.
  31. Hannesson, D.K, and Skelton, R.W. (1998) Recovery of spatial performance in the Morris water maze following bilateral transection of the fimbria/fornix in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 90 (1) 35-56.
  32. Skelton, R.W. (1998) Modeling recovery of cognitive function after traumatic brain injury: spatial navigation in the Morris water maze after complete or partial transections of the perforant path in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 93 (1,2), 13-35.
  33. Pettersen, J.A. & Skelton, R.W. (2000) Glucose enhances long-term declarative memory in mildly head-injured varsity rugby players. Psychobiology,. 28 (1), 81-89.
  34. Skelton, R.W., C. Bukach, H.E. Laurance, K.G.F. Thomas, & W. Jake Jacobs (2000a) Humans with traumatic brain injuries show place learning deficits in computer-generated virtual space. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 157-175.
  35. Skelton, R.W., Ross, S.P., Nerad, L. and Livingstone, S.A. (2006) Human Spatial Navigation Deficits After Traumatic Brain Injury Shown In The Arena Maze, A Virtual Morris Water Maze, Brain Injury Vol 20 (2), 189-203.
  36. Ross, S.P., Skelton, R.W. and Mueller, S. (2006) Gender differences in learning in virtual space: Implications when using virtual environments in instruction and assessment, Virtual Reality. Volume 10 (3-4), 175-184 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1007/s10055-006-0041-7
  37. Livingstone, S.A. & Skelton, R.W. (2007) Virtual environment navigation tasks and the assessment of cognitive deficits in individuals with brain injury. Behavioural Brain Research, 185, 21–31. DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.07.015
  38. Mueller, S.C., Jackson, C.P.T., Skelton, R.W. (2008) Gender differences in a virtual water maze: an eye tracking and pupillometry study. Behavioural Brain Research, 193(2), 209-215; DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.05.017.
  39. Goodrich-Hunsaker, N.J., Livingstone, S.A., Skelton, R.W. & Hopkins, R.O. (2010) Spatial Deficits in a Virtual Morris Water Maze Navigation Task in Amnesic Participants with Hippocampal Damage, Hippocampus, 20, 481-491.
    (published online DOI 10.1002/hipo.20651April, 2009)
  40. Livingstone-Lee, S.A., Murchison, S.C., Zeman, P.M., Gandhi, M.M., van Gerven, D.J., Stewart, L., Livingston, N.J., & Skelton, R.W. (2011) Simple Gaze Analysis and Special Design of a Virtual Morris Water Maze Provides a New Method for Differentiating Egocentric and Allocentric Navigational Strategy Choice. Behavioural Brain Research, 225, 117-125.
  41. van Gerven, D.J.H., Schneider, A.N., Wuitchik, D.M., & Skelton, R.W. (2012). Direct measurement of spontaneous strategy selection in a virtual Morris water maze shows females choose an allocentric strategy at least as often as males do. Behavioural Neuroscience, Vol 126(3), 2012, 465-478. doi: 10.1037/a0027992.

42.Livingstone-Lee, S., MacDonald, B. S., Gillingham, S., & Skelton, R. W. (submitted). Exploration and cognitive maps are required for optimal allocentric navigation in a virtual Morris water maze. Hippocampus. Funding: NSERC scholarship to Livingstone-Lee Submission ID: HIPO-12-228 (rejected)

43.van Gerven, D. J., & Skelton, R. W. (submitted). Rapid human place learning in a virtual Morris water maze: Evidence from a novel explicit probe procedure. Learning and Behaviour. Funding: none

44.Yim, M., Livingstone-Lee, S. A., Zeman, P. M., & Skelton, R. W. (submitted). Allocentric and egocentric strategies are adopted at the same rate in a Dual-Strategy virtual Morris Water Maze. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Funding: NSERC scholarship to Livingstone-Lee {Rejected – in revision}

  1. Grouzet, F.M.E., Geres-Smith, R., & Skelton, R. W. (submitted). Naturalistic stress and academic performance: possible neurobiological mediation. Motivation and Emotion.
  2. Livingstone-Lee, Sharon A., Philip M. Zeman, Susan T. Gillingham, and Ronald W. Skelton (2014) . “Navigational Strategy May Be More a Matter of Environment and Experience Than Gender.” Learning and Motivation. Volume 45, February 2014, Pages 30–43 Accessed October 31, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2013.09.003.
  3. Livingstone-Lee, S.A., Skelton, R.W., & Livingston, N.J. (2014) “Transit Apps for People with Brain Injury and Other Cognitive Disabilities: The State of the Art.” Submitted to Assistive Technology, February 11, 2014.
  4. Ross, S.L., Grouzet, F.M.E., & Skelton, R.W. (in prep ). Toward a network interdependence model of caregiving after Traumatic Brain Injury.

Book Chapters

1. Skelton, R.W., Phillips, A.G., & Miller, J.J. (1982). Electrical stimulation of the perforant path input into the hippocampus as a discriminative stimulus. In: F.C. Colpaert and J.L. Slangen (Eds.), Drug Discrimination: Applications in CNS Pharmacology. Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp. 369-380.

2. Nadel, L., Thomas, K. G. F, Laurance, H. E., Skelton, R. W., Tal, T. S., & Jacobs, W. J. (1998) Human spatial cognition in a virtual arena. In: C. Freksa, C. Habel, & K. F. Wender (Eds.), Spatial cognition – An interdisciplinary approach to representation and processing of spatial knowledge. (pp. 399-427) Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Conference Presentations

1. Skelton, R.W., & Shizgal, P. (1977). Refractory period estimates of neurons mediating the appetitive and aversive effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Society for Neuroscience, Anaheim, CA.

2. Skelton, R.W., Assaf, S.Y., Miller, J.J., & Phillips, A.G. (1978). Selective destruction of septal cell bodies by kainic acid produces hyperreactivity. Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa.

3. Skelton, R.W., Miller, J.J., & Phillips, A.G. (1980). Long-term potentiation of dentate population responses following low frequency (0.1 Hz) stimulation of the perforant path in chronic rats. Society for Neuroscience, Cincinnati, OH.

4. Skelton, R.W., Phillips, A.G., & Miller, J.J. (1981). Long-term potentiation facilitates the acquisition of perforant path stimulation as a discriminative stimulus. Society for Neuroscience, Los Angeles, CA.

5. Skelton, R.W., Scarth, A.S., Wilkie, D.M., Miller, J.J., & Phillips, A.G. (1982). Synaptic activation of dentate granule cells by perforant path stimulation is facilitated by a learning experience. Conference on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Irvine, CA.

6. Skelton, R.W., Mauk, M.D., & Thompson, R.F. (1984). Dissociation of neural regions necessary for alpha and conditioned responses to a visual stimulus. Second Conference on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Irvine, CA.

7. Skelton, R.W., Donegan, N.H., & Thompson, R.F. (1984). Superior colliculus lesions disrupt classical conditioning to visual but not auditory stimuli. Society for Neuroscience, Anaheim, CA.

8. Grace, G.M., Skelton, R.W., & Corcoran, M.E. (1986). Kindling in the dentate gyrus and its effects on field potentials. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.

9. Skelton, R.W. (1986). Lesions in the dentate-interpositus region of the rat cerebellum fail to disrupt either learning or retention of one-way active avoidance. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.

10. Skelton, R.W. (1987). Cerebellar lesions reveal the true nature of alpha conditioning of eyelid responses in the rabbit. Conference on Animal Learning, UBC, Vancouver.

11. Skelton, R.W. (1987). Lesions in the dentate-interpositus region of the cerebellar deep nuclei disrupt conditioned eyelid responses in the rat. Third Conference on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Irvine, CA.

12. Skelton, R.W. (1988). Transection of the middle cerebellar peduncle abolishes classically conditioned eyelid responses in the rat. Society for Neuroscience, Toronto, Canada.

13. Skelton, R.W. (1989). Lesions of the deep cerebellar nuclei selectively abolish conditioned but not "spontaneous" eye blinks the rats. Society for Neuroscience, Phoenix, AZ.

14. Skelton, R.W. (1990). Rats and rabbits do not appear to use Aplysia's alphabet for simple learning. Invited address at the Spring Canadian Conference on Behaviour and Brain, Banff, Alberta.

15. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1990). Diazepam impairs acquisition but not recall of spatial information in the Morris water maze. Society for Neuroscience, St. Louis, MO.

16. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1990). Evidence that tolerance develops to the amnesic effect of diazepam in rats. Fourth Conference on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Irvine, CA.

17. Skelton, R.W. and McNamara, R.K. (1990). Transection of the perforant path impairs acquisition in the Morris water maze. Fourth Conference on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Irvine, CA.

18. Stanton, M.E., Freeman, J.H., and Skelton, R.W. (1990) Eyeblink conditioning in the developing rat. Fourth Conference on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Irvine, CA.

19. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1991). Morphine impairs place and cue learning in the Morris water maze: Antinociception rather than amnesia. Third IBRO World Conference of Neuroscience, Montreal, Que.

20. Kirkby, R.D., McNamara, R.K., Skelton, R.W. and Corcoran, M.E. (1991). Limbic seizures, but not kindling, impair place learning in the Morris water maze: Retrograde and anterograde deficits. Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, LA.

21. Hoesing, J. M., Skelton, R.W., Evanson, J. and Sutherland, R.J. (1991). Does learning produce long-lasting changes in perforant path-dentate evoked potentials? Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, LA.

22. Sutherland, R.J., Dringenberg, H.C., Hoesing, J. M., and Skelton, R.W., (1991). Is LTE in the hippocampus necessary for place learning? Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, LA.

23. Freeman, J.H., Stanton, M.E., and Skelton, R.W. (1991) Associative eyeblink conditioning in the infant rat. Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, LA.

24. Skelton, R.W., Davis, T.M., and McNamara, R.K. (1992) Neither diazepam not alcohol retards recovery of spatial navigation or learning in the Morris water maze after perforant path knife cuts in rats. Fifth Conference on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Irvine, CA.

25. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1992) CL 218,872, a selective ligand for the benzodiazepine 1 receptor subtype, suppresses long-term potentiation (LTP) in the freely moving rat and impairs place learning in the Morris water maze. Fifth Conference on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Irvine, CA.

26. Skelton, R.W. and McNamara, R.K. (1992) Recovery of spatial navigation and learning in the Morris water maze after bilateral transection of the perforant path in rats. Society for Neuroscience, Anaheim, CA.

27. McNamara, R.K. and Skelton, R.W. (1992) Intraseptal infusions of chlordiazepoxide impair place learning in the Morris water maze: Reversal by flumazenil but not tetrahydroaminoacridine. Society for Neuroscience, Anaheim, CA.

28. Skelton, R.W., McNamara, R.K., & Davis, T.M. (1993) Enhanced sensitivity to the amnesic effects of Diazepam in aged rats. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC. (p. 1008).

29. Ross, S.P. & Skelton, R.W. (1994) Glucose facilitates acquisition, retention and recovery of function in Morris water maze. Annual Meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association Society for Neuroscience, Penticton, B.C.

30. Hannesson, D.H. & Skelton, R.W. (1994) Recovery of spatial navigation in the Morris water maze following bilateral transection of the fimbria/fornix in rats. Annual Meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association Society for Neuroscience, Penticton, B.C.

31. Skelton, R.W. & Ross, S.P. (1994) Glucose facilitates acquisition and reduces hippocampal deficit in the Morris water maze in rats. Society for Neuroscience, Miami beach, FL.

32. Hannesson, D.H. & Skelton, R.W. (1994) Recovery of spatial navigation in the Morris water maze following bilateral transection of the fimbria/fornix in rats. Society for Neuroscience, Miami beach, FL

33. Hannesson, D.H. & Skelton, R.W. (1995) The hippocampus contributes to spatial learning in rats with fimbria-fornix lesions. Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, CA. (Vol. 21, p 1941).

34. Tutte, J.A. & Skelton, R.W. (1996) Glucose and memory in mildly head-injured students. Pacific Coast Brain Injury Conference, Vancouver, B.C.

35. Jacobs, W. J., Thomas, K. G. F., Laurance, H. E., Skelton, R. W., Tal, T. S., & Nadel, L. (1997). Human spatial cognition in a virtual arena. Presented at the Spatial Cognition Conference, Rome, Italy, September.

36. Nadel, L., Thomas, K. G. F., Laurance, H. E., Skelton, R. W., Tal, T. S., & Jacobs, W. J. (1997). Human spatial cognition in a virtual arena. Presented in Trier, Germany, September.

37. Sweeney, D., Joschko, M., Skelton, R., & Larke, S. (1997) Development of the ICBC-UVic Brain Injury Rehabilitation Database and Functional Outcome Profile. Pacific Coast Brain Injury Conference, Vancouver, B.C. October.

38. Skelton, R.W. (1998) Research and development of a task in virtual space for measuring wayfinding after brain injury. Pacific Coast Brain Injury Conference, Vancouver, B.C., October.

39. Skelton, R.W. (1999) Wayfinding in virtual space: development of a new tool for detecting concussion, mild head injury, and residual deficits from traumatic brain injury. Conference on Whiplash Associated Disorders, Vancouver, B.C., February.

40. Joschko, M.J., & Skelton, R.W. (2000) Evaluation of the functional outcome profile for use with a traumatically brain-injured population, National Conference on Brain Injury, Vancouver, B.C., October.

41. Skelton, R.W., Hsu, M, Thomas, K., Nadel, L., Laurance, H., Biggan, S., McLean, S., Ryan, L., Trouard, T., and Jacobs, W.J. (2000b) Traumatic brain injury and hippocampal function in humans: initial results from fMRI, virtual environments and neuropsychological tests. Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, November. {Neuroscience Abstracts, Vol 26, p. }

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