Review II WHAP/Napp

Review II WHAP/Napp

1. Zoroastrianism

1. Based on the teachings of Zarathustra
2. Proclaimed that visions revealed to him by the supreme god, whom he called ______Mazda (“wise lord”)
3. Influence of Zoroastrian religion can be found in Judaism and Christianity, for example, the concept of ______and evil
4. Once the religion of the ______Empire
5. A force of ______and goodness and force of evil
6. Cosmic ______between good and evil/ People must choose-Heaven and Hell
7. Avesta ______text

1. Confucius

1. Lived in ______during the Warring states period and sought to ______order to China
2. Students recorded his teachings in the ______
3. Believed in five constant ______ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, and older friend and younger friend (The superior in the relationship had to set a good example while the inferior had to ______)

1. Confucianism

1. Does not address philosophical or religious questions
2. Wanted to ______the Warring States period
3. The best way to promote good government is to hire people who were well educated and conscientious – focused on the formation of Junzi (“superior individuals)”
4. Ren courteousness, respectfulness, ______
5. Li a sense of propriety, appropriate behavior
6. Xiao______piety, respect by children for parents and other elders
7. Moral integrity and fair judgment

1. Daoism

1. An alternative solution to end the ______States period – contrary to Confucian beliefs
2. Central concept Dao or “the ______” or “the way of nature”
3. Humans should stop trying to achieve personal goals and live very simply in order to achieve harmony with ______
4. Wuwei important moral trait whereby people remove themselves from worldly affairs
5. ______societal structure  self-sufficient communities
6. Yin Yang how seemingly ______forces are interconnected

1. Legalism

1. One of the major philosophies that emerged from the ______Schools of Thought during the Warring States period
2. Based on the goal of expanding and strengthening the state at all ______
3. Described as ______and efficient
4. Strict laws with ______punishments lessen number and severity of crimes
5. Notable people: Shang Yang and ______Feizi
6. Used by the _____ dynasty, led by Shi Huangdi, to end Warring States period

1. Qin Dynasty

1. Used ______philosophy to restore order and stability to China and end the Warring States period
2. ______bureaucracy ruled the state
3. Qin expanded their ______and unified ______
4. Standardized weights and ______and ______script
5. ______-lived because of strict laws and harsh punishments

1. Shih Huangdi

1. Self-proclaimed “first ______” of China – reigned fourteen years, established centralized rule through large-scale political organization
2. Built ______to enhance and expedite communication and movement of armies; standardized laws, currencies, weights and measures, and Chinese script; and built defensive _____, including linking sections of the Great Wall
3. Executed anyone who ______his regime – burned 460 Confucian scholars alive for their critical comments

1. Early Han Dynasty

1. Claiming the “______of heaven,” Liu Bang centralized rule started the longest lasting Chinese dynasty  the Han (206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.)
2. Demand for Chinese ______in India, Persia, Mesopotamia, and the Roman Empire led to development of trade routes (the silk roads)
3. Building of roads and canals to increase ______and communication
4. Established ______system to select candidates for government service

1. Emperor Wudi

1. Han emperor who had a problem recruiting qualified people for ______posts because there was no uniform system of public education
2. Established an imperial ______to educate government officials in 124 B.C.E.
3. Although the government was based on Legalist principles, the university focused its instruction on ______out of necessity – it was the only Chinese belief system developed enough to establish a curriculum
4. Policy of imperial expansion led to ______of northern Vietnam and Korea (had to pay tribute)

1. Later Han Dynasty

1. Ignoring the problem of inequitable land distribution led to increased banditry and ______led by disgruntled peasants
2. The Yellow ______uprising (rebels wore yellow headgear)
3. Government used the military to suppress ______but the collective efforts of peasants weakened the Han
4. Factions developed in courts that effected the central government
5. This internal weakness led to the ______of the empire, divisions

1. Fall of the Han Dynasty

1. Collapsed – divisions within the ruling elite limited effectiveness
2. Issues ______distribution, private armies, unrest, economic decline
3. Rise in epidemics late second, early third centuries led to the Yellow Turban Rebellion (rebels’ yellow turbans represented their peasant ______and their ties to the earth)Dynasty in 220 C.E. formally ended

1. Mauryan Dynasty

1. A classical Indian dynasty that developed out of a political void created by the failed invasions of ______emperor Darius – then controlled by the kingdom of Magadha for two centuries
2. Flourished during the late 320s B.C.E., when ______Maurya took over and laid the foundations for a centralized, unified government
3. Ashoka (ruled 268-232 B.C.E.) conquered the kingdom of ______through bloody battles but changed as a result
4. Ashoka built irrigation systems, constructed roads, supported ______, and encouraged religious tolerance but Ashoka’s death led to decline

1. Gupta Dynasty

1. Chandra Gupta laid foundations for empire by making alliances with powerful families in the Ganges; he conquered many; others chose to form tributary ______with Guptas
2. Government, both policy and administration, was left to the locals; Gupta did not impose uniform law; brought stability and ______
3. Golden age of Hindu culture concept of zero, infinity, and ______system developed great art and literature in ______(ancient Indian language)
4. Decline caused by ______by the White Huns nomadic people from central Asia – dynasty continued in name only

1. Hinduism – Part I

1. The basic beliefs and concepts of classical Hinduism were all in place by at least 200s B.C.E. Central belief all time and space is the World Soul, or the ______(“Ultimate Reality”)
2. ______things that exist are reflections of Brahman’s perfection
3. Every living creature has its own individual soul, known as ______
4. However, the material world is an illusion (______)
5. This illusion ______suffering and prevents the individual soul from perceiving or being connected with the world Soul
6. The goal of existence is to rejoin one’s ______with Brahman

1. Hinduism – Part II

1. A cycle of life, death and rebirth called the ______of life (samsara)
2. According to the laws of deeds (karma), a person’s actions in one life will have consequences in a ______life
3. Good actions and spiritual discipline will reduce an atman’s (individual soul’s) karmic debt, leading one to a greater understanding of moral duty (______)
4. When a person has eliminated his or her karmic debt and achieved a sufficient understanding of his dharma, his or her atman gains release (moksha) from ______ the atman is free to join with the Brahman

1. Hinduism – Part III

1. In addition to the Brahman, Hinduism recognizes literally hundreds of _____ and goddesses  this makes it a polytheistic religion
2. However, Hindus consider all deities to be avatars, or incarnations of the ______
3. One of the best known features of Hindu belief involves the ______system (origins date back to Aryan migration to India)
4. Priests (Brahmins), warriors and political rulers (______), commoners (vaishyas), and servants and members of lower class (shudras)
5. As time went on, category of ______(most degrading tasks)
6. Birth ______caste  Many subdivisions over time  men superior

1. Jainism

1. Indian belief system popularized by Vardhamana ______(“the great hero”) Disciples referred to Mahavira as Jina (“the conqueror”) and called themselves ______
2. Practiced ahimsa – ______to living things or their souls
3. Extremists swept ground as they walked to avoid ______insects (souls)
4. Not practical, but attractive – because if all creatures possessed a soul, there should not be rigid social classes (especially popular among lower classes)

1. Buddhism – Siddhartha Gautama

1. Originating in ______ Founder, Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 B.C.E.)
2. Spread China, ______, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Korea, etc.
3. Two major schools ______(Hinayana) and Mahayana (with its concept of the Bodhisattva)
4. When ventured outside palace, Siddhartha was appalled by the pain and poverty he saw renounced ______
5. After six years of self-deprivation, decided that neither extreme fasting and asceticism or its opposite led to insight
6. While following middle way, achieved ______(became Buddha or enlightened one)

1. Buddhist Beliefs

1. Four Noble Truths human existence is inseparable from ______, the cause of suffering is desire, suffering is extinguished by extinguishing desire, desire may be extinguished by following the ______Path
2. The Eightfold Path know the truth, resist evil, do nothing to hurt others, respect ______forms of life, work for the well-being of others before that of yourself, free your mind of evil, control your thoughts, practice ______
3. Five Moral Rules do not kill, do not take what is not given, do not speak falsely, do not drink intoxicants, do not be unchaste
4. Nirvana  means “to extinguish”, liberation from ______(the wheel of life, death, reincarnation)

1. Theravada and Mahayana

1. After the Buddha’s death in 483 B.C.E., the tradition he founded not only spread throughout Asia but ______into various denominations
2. The older movement is Theravada (“Way of the Elders”) Buddhism, also referred to as Hinayana (“Lesser Vehicle”) Buddhism prominent in south and southeast Asia remains closer in spirit to Buddha’s actual teachings simplicity, meditation, nirvana as renunciation of self and human consciousness Buddha ______a deity
3. ______(“Greater Vehicle”)Japan, Korea, Tibet, and parts of China more elaborate forms and ritual developed pantheons of deities bodhisattvas(souls ______enlightenment but remained in earthly realm to help others) nirvana came to resemble a kind of heaven as opposed to suppression of self

1. Mycenaeans

1. Located on the ______mainland1450-1150 B.C.E.  Trading
2. Wealthy through conquest (they are best known for fighting the Trojan War, ca. 1250 B.C.E.)
3. Around 1200 B.C.E., a series of Greek-speaking tribes invaded the southeastern tip of Europe, as well as nearby islands
4. Over time, these tribes joined together into a single culture, the Greeks (or, as they called themselves, ______
5. These years of gradual cultural union are known as the Greek Dark Ages (1150-800 B.C.E.)
6. Common language and religion but low level political and social development

1. Sparta

1. Rugged, ______terrain and the fact that so many of the Greeks lived on islands prevented them from creating a single nation
2. Instead formed dozens of independent ______-______
3. It is from the Greek word city-state, ______, that the word “politic” comes
4. Sparta  a key Greek city-state a rigid, ______-holding dictatorship that created the Greek world’s most effective and most feared army
5. Slavery was common in all Greek city-states, but most prevalent in militaristic Sparta with its ______or Spartan slaves

1. Athens

1. Athens was a significant Greek polis or city-state
2. Athens  became a culturally and politically advanced city that gained wealth through ______and power thanks to its naval strength
3. Ancient Greece’s most significant political innovation came from the city of Athens
4. This was ______, or rule by the people
5. Democratic government began in Athens in 508 B.C.E.  It reached its peak under the leadership of the statesman ______(ca. 461-429 B.C.E.)
6. But women and slaves were ______from Athenian political life, and did not have the right to voteYet most representative government in ancient

1. War with the Greeks

1. During the Greeks’ classical period (ca. 500-338 B.C.E.), the Greeks fought two major wars with the ______, in 492 to 490 B.C.E. and 480 to 479 B.C.E.
2. In both cases, the Persians attempted to invade Greece, only to be driven back, thanks mainly to Spartan and ______leadership
3. Afterward, competition between Sparta and Athens for dominance over the Greek world led to a long and devastating civil conflict known as the ______War (431-404 B.C.E)
4. Although Sparta and its allies won the war, the conflict left all of Greece’s city-states ______

1. Macedonian Empire

1. Macedonia was a region to the north of ______whose people were related to the Greeks, but not as politically or socially advanced
2. It was this Greek-Macedonian kingdom that the ancient world’s most skilled general, ______the Great (356-323 B.C.E.), launched one of the most successful military campaigns of all time
3. In less than a decade, Alexander crossed into Asia, took over the Persian Empire, and conquered territory all the way to the borderlands of ______
4. Before dying at the age of thirty-three – of exhaustion, alcoholism, and fever – he had led an army of 30,000 to 50,000 troops more than 20,000 miles
5. Alexander ______Greek culture

1. Hellenistic Culture

1. The Greeks’ general cultural outlook is known as Hellenism (after the Greeks’ own name for Greece, ______)
2. Although the Greeks worshipped a number of ______, Hellenism tended to be more worldly and rational than other ancient cultural traditions
3. The celebration of ______and the experience of being human was a hallmark of Hellenic culture
4. Western thought rests on the intellectual foundation established by the philosophers ______, Plato, and Aristotle
5. Aristotle’s writings on logic, observation, and experimentation set into place a mode of ______inquiry and Greek architecture  ______

1. Roman Republic

1. The city of Rome, traditionally considered to have been founded in 753 B.C.E.From their homeland on the Italian ______, the Romans gradually spread outward
2. For several centuries, Rome was governed by a monarchy, foreign overlords (Etruscans), but in 509 B.C.E., the Romans rebelled and formed a new government called a ______(509-31 B.C.E.)
3. During the republican period, tensions existed between plebeian (lower classes) and patricians (______) classesThrough compromise and negotiation, plebeians ______rights but only patricians ______senators

1. From Republic to Empire

1. Civil wars from 91 to 30 B.C.E.  power began to fall into the hands of a single ruler  most famous was ______Caesar assassinated in 44 B.C.E.  by 31 B.C.E.  first emperor  Octavian renamed Caesar Augustus
2. Empire for approximately five centuries  31 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
3. Huge territory from Spain in west to Asia Minor in east, from northern Africa in south to British Isles in north
4. But overextension of military and political strength made it ______to governAsiatic and Germanic ______attacked

1. Rome’s Legacy

1. To begin with, the Romans who were great admirers of ______culture, preserved for generations to come the Hellenic philosophy, literature, and scientific learning of ancient Greece
2. The Romans were master builders and ______
3. The ideal of Roman imperial unity was a political concept that kings and emperors in a very disunified Europe would attempt to live up to during the medieval period
4. Roman ______remains one of the keystones of Western legal (innocent until proven guilty, etc.)
5. By making Christianity ______(313 C.E.), then making it the official faith of empire (380 C.E.), Romans ensured that the new religion would be a major force for centuries to come