RESEARCH PROJECT : STUDY LEADER : DR ROB COLLINS (BMI & Training duration related to performance) (31 references)
Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) <1996 to November Week 2 2009>
Search Strategy:
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1 Bicycling/ (3832)
2 body mass index.mp. or Body Mass Index/ (67868)
3 training duration.mp. (78)
4 (training and duration).tw. (3400)
5 exp Athletic Performance/ (7919)
6 2 or 4 (71176)
7 5 and 6 (680)
8 1 and 7 (57)
9 limit 8 to (english language and humans) (56)
10 from 9 keep 1-56 (56)
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Result <6>
Unique Identifier
18048432
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Knechtlet B. Schwanke M. Knechtle P. Kohler G.
Authors Full Name
Knechtlet, B. Schwanke, M. Knechtle, P. Kohler, G.
Institution
Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, Vadianstr. 26, St. Gallen 9001,
Switzerland.
Title
Decrease in body fat during an ultra-endurance triathlon is associated
with race intensity.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 42(7):609-13, 2008 Jul.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether adipose subcutaneous tissue or skeletal
muscle mass decreased during a non-stop ultra-endurance triathlon. DESIGN:
Descriptive field study. SETTING: The Triple Iron Triathlon Germany 2006 in
Lensahn: 11.6 km swimming, 540 km cycling and 126.6 km running. SUBJECTS: 17
male Caucasian triathletes, mean (SD) age 39.2 (7.5) years, height 178 (5)
cm, body mass 80.7 (8.9) kg and body mass index (BMI) 25.4 (2.4) kg/m(2).
INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Determination of body mass,
skin-fold thicknesses, limb circumference, skeletal muscle mass and
percentage body fat in order to show changes after the race. RESULTS: A
significant decrease was shown for body mass (p<0.001), BMI (p<0.001) and
calculated percentage body fat (p<0.001) whereas skeletal muscle mass did
not change significantly (p>0.05). Circumferences of the thigh, upper arm
and calf did not decrease significantly (p>0.05), whereas all skin-fold
thicknesses decreased sign!
ificantly (p<0.05), with the exception of those at the chest and thigh. A
significant correlation was found between the loss of percentage body fat
and the loss of body mass (p<0.01, r(2) = 0.55) as well as change in
percentage body fat with race performance (p<0.05, r(2) = 0.24).
CONCLUSIONS: Ultra-endurance triathletes at the Triple Iron Triathlon
Germany 2006 showed a significant decrease in body mass and percentage body
fat, where decrease in percentage body fat was associated with race
intensity.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <7>
Unique Identifier
17646243
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Brixius K. Schoenberger S. Ladage D. Knigge H. Falkowski G. Hellmich
M. Graf C. Latsch J. Montie GL. Prede GL. Bloch W.
Authors Full Name
Brixius, K. Schoenberger, S. Ladage, D. Knigge, H. Falkowski, G.
Hellmich, M. Graf, C. Latsch, J. Montie, G L. Prede, G L. Bloch, W.
Institution
Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport
University, Cologne, Germany.
Title
Long-term endurance exercise decreases antiangiogenic endostatin
signalling in overweight men aged 50-60 years.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 42(2):126-9; discussion 129, 2008
Feb.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Endurance training may decrease the risk of coronary artery
disease. It has been speculated that these effects may be due to an
exercise-induced stimulation of angiogenesis. The underlying mechanisms are
not yet clear. Therefore, using ELISA, we investigated the plasma level of
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, angiogenic factor) and endostatin
(antiangiogenic factor) in a group of untrained men aged 50-60 years with
obesity. METHODS: All men were randomised into a "running" group (training 3
times/week, 60 min each, n = 7), a "cycling" group ( training 3 times/week,
90 min each, n = 7) and a sedentary control group ( n = 7). Both training
groups worked at moderate intensity (2-4 mmol/l lactate). The intervention
had a duration of 6 months. Before and after this period, blood samples were
taken from the participants at rest and they underwent a medical
investigation. RESULTS: Body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood
pressure, and plasma level!
s of VEGF and endostatin were comparable in all three groups. Endurance
training significantly reduced BMI in both exercise groups (mean (SEM)
before v after 29.7 (0.7) v 29.1 (0.6) kg/m2 and 31.1 (0.7) v 30.1 (0.9)
kg/m2 for the running and cycling groups respectively) but not in the
control group (30.0 (1.0) v 30.2 (0.8) kg/m2). Endurance training did not
influence VEGF plasma level (before v after 1.3 (0.4) v 1.5 (0.2) ng/ml for
the running group; 1.6 (0.3) v 1.5 (0.2) ng/ml for the cycling group; and
2.5 (0.6) v 2.1 (0.7) ng/ml for the control group). Plasma level of
endostatin was significantly reduced in both exercise groups (mean (SEM)
before v after: 20.9 (1.6 v 17.5 (1.0) ng/ml and 21.3 (1.4 v 18.0 (1.6)
ng/ml for the running and cycling groups respectively) but not in controls
(19.7 (1.3 v 17.7 (1.1 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS: Endurance training may reduce
the antiangiogenic mechanisms in men aged 50-60 years by reducing endostatin
plasma level and this may subsequently !
decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Publication Type
Journal Article. Randomized Controlled Trial.
Result <8>
Unique Identifier
17601765
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Knechtle B. Salas Fraire O. Andonie JL. Kohler G.
Authors Full Name
Knechtle, B. Salas Fraire, O. Andonie, J L. Kohler, G.
Institution
Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland.
Title
Effect of a multistage ultra-endurance triathlon on body composition:
World Challenge Deca Iron Triathlon 2006.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 42(2):121-5; discussion 125, 2008
Feb.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a multistage ultra-endurance
triathlon on body composition in ultra-triathletes. DESIGN: Descriptive
field study. SETTING: The "World Challenge Deca Iron Triathlon 2006" in
Monterrey, Mexico, in which every day for 10 consecutive days athletes had
to perform the distance of one Ironman triathlon. SUBJECTS: Eight male
ultra-endurance athletes (mean (SD) age 40.6 (10.7) years, weight 76.4 (8.4)
kg, height 175 (4) cm and body mass index (BMI) 24.7 (2.2) kg/m2).
INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Determination of body mass,
protein mass, body fat, per cent body fat, mineral mass, total body water,
intracellular water, extracellular water and lean body mass with a direct
segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance method before the race and
after each stage in order to show changes in body composition. RESULTS: A
statistically significant decrease of body mass (-2.4 kg, p = 0.014), body
fat (-5 kg, p = 0.0078) and per ce!
nt body fat (-6.4%, p = 0.0078) occurred at the end of the first day
compared to values taken in the pre-race period. In contrast, at the same
time, a statistically significant increase of protein mass (+0.7 kg, p =
0.035), mineral mass (+0.2 kg, p = 0.04), total body water (+1.8 litres, p =
0.042), intracellular water (+1.6 litres, p = 0.034) and lean body mass
(+2.6 kg, p = 0.023) was shown. After the first day until the end of the
challenge, body fat (-3 kg, p>0.05) and per cent body fat (-3.9%, p>0.05)
showed a statistically significant decrease, whereas the other parameters
showed no changes. CONCLUSIONS: Athletes taking part in a multistage
ultra-endurance triathlon over 10 Ironman triathlon distances in 10
consecutive days lost 3 kg of body fat; skeletal muscle mass, mineral mass
and body water were unchanged.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <9>
Unique Identifier
17556527
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Knechtle B. Knechtle P. Andonie JL. Kohler G.
Authors Full Name
Knechtle, Beat. Knechtle, Patrizia. Andonie, Jorge Luis. Kohler, Gotz.
Institution
Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen, Switzerland.
Title
Influence of anthropometry on race performance in extreme endurance
triathletes: World Challenge Deca Iron Triathlon 2006.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 41(10):644-8; discussion 648, 2007
Oct.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of anthropometric variables on
race performance in ultra-endurance triathletes in an ultra-triathlon.
DESIGN: Descriptive field study. SETTING: The "World Challenge Deca Iron
Triathlon 2006" in Monterrey, Mexico, in which everyday for 10 consecutive
days athletes had to perform the distance of one Ironman triathlon of 3.8 km
swimming, 180 km cycling and 42.195 km running. SUBJECTS: Eight male
ultra-endurance athletes (mean (SD) age 40.6 (10.7) years, weight 76.4 (8.4)
kg, height 175 (4) cm and body mass index (BMI) 24.7 (2.2) kg/m2).
INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Direct measurement of body mass,
height, leg length, skinfold thicknesses, limb circumference and calculation
of BMI, skeletal muscle mass (SM), percentage SM (%SM) and percentage body
fat (%BF) in order to correlate measured and calculated anthropometric
variables with race performance. RESULTS: Race time was not significantly
(p>0.05) influenced by the direct!
ly measured variables, height, leg length, body mass, average skinfold
thicknesses, or circumference of thigh, calf or upper arm. Furthermore, no
significant (p>0.05) correlation was observed between race time and the
calculated variables, BMI, %SM and %BF. CONCLUSIONS: In a multistage
ultra-triathlon over 10 Ironman triathlon distances in 10 consecutive days,
there was no effect of body mass, height, leg length, skinfold thicknesses,
limb circumference, BMI, %SM or %BF on race performance in the only eight
finishers.
Publication Type
Journal Article.
Result <11>
Unique Identifier
11579061
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Chicharro JL. Lopez-Calderon A. Hoyos J. Martin-Velasco AI. Villa G.
Villanua MA. Lucia A.
Authors Full Name
Chicharro, J L. Lopez-Calderon, A. Hoyos, J. Martin-Velasco, A I.
Villa, G. Villanua, M A. Lucia, A.
Institution
Departamento de Enfermeria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense,
Madrid, Spain.
Title
Effects of an endurance cycling competition on resting serum insulin-like
growth factor I (IGF-I) and its binding proteins IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3.
Source
British Journal of Sports Medicine. 35(5):303-7, 2001 Oct.
Other ID
Source: NLM. PMC1724386
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether consecutive bouts of intense endurance
exercise over a three week period alters serum concentrations of
insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and/or its binding proteins. METHODS:
Seventeen professional cyclists (mean (SEM) VO(2)MAX, 74.7 (2.1) ml/kg/min;
age, 27 (1) years) competing in a three week tour race were selected as
subjects. Blood samples were collected at each of the following time points:
t(0) (control, before the start of competition), t(1) (end of first week),
and t(3) (end of third week). Serum levels of both total and free IGF-I and
IGF binding proteins 1 and 3 (IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3) were measured in each of
the samples. Cortisol levels were measured in nine subjects. RESULTS: A
significant (p<0.01) increase was found in total IGF-I and IGFBP-1 at both
t(1) and t(3) compared with t(o) (IGF-I: 110.9 (17.7), 186.8 (12.0), 196.9
(14.7) ng/ml at t(0), t(1), and t(3) respectively; IGFBP-1: 54.6 (6.6), 80.6
(8.0), and 89.2 (7.9) ng!
/ml at t(0), t(1), and t(3) respectively). A significant (p<0.01) decrease
was noted in free IGF-I at t(3) compared with both t(o) and t(1) (t(0): 0.9
(0.1) ng/ml; t(1): 0.9 (0.1) ng/ml; t(3): 0.7 (0.1) ng/ml); in contrast,
IGFBP-3 levels remained stable throughout the race. CONCLUSIONS: It would
appear that the increase in circulating levels of both IGF-I and its binding
protein IGFBP-1 is a short term (one week) endocrine adaptation to endurance
exercise. After three weeks of training, total IGF-I and IGFBP-1 remained
stable, whereas free IGF-I fell below starting levels.
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Result <16>
Unique Identifier
18196264
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Caputo F. Denadai BS.
Authors Full Name
Caputo, Fabrizio. Denadai, Benedito Sergio.
Institution
Human Performance Laboratory, UNESP, Av. 24 A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio
Claro, SP CEP 13506-900, Brazil.
Title
The highest intensity and the shortest duration permitting attainment of
maximal oxygen uptake during cycling: effects of different methods and
aerobic fitness level.
Source
European Journal of Applied Physiology. 103(1):47-57, 2008 May.
Abstract
The aims of this study were: (1) to verify the validity of previous
proposed models to estimate the lowest exercise duration (TLOW) and the
highest intensity (IHIGH) at which VO2max is reached (2) to test the
hypothesis that parameters involved in these models, and hence the validity
of these models are affected by aerobic training status. Thirteen cyclists
(EC), eleven runners (ER) and ten untrained (U) subjects performed several
cycle-ergometer exercise tests to fatigue in order to determine and estimate
TLOW (ETLOW) and I HIGH (EIHIGH). The relationship between the time to
achieved VO2max and time to exhaustion (Tlim) was used to estimate ETLOW.
EIHIGH was estimated using the critical power model. IHIGH was assumed as
the highest intensity at which VO2 was equal or higher than the average of
VO2max values minus one typical error. TLOW was considered Tlim associated
with IHIGH. No differences were found in TLOW between ER (170 +/- 31 s) and
U (209 +/- 29 s), however, bot!
h showed higher values than EC (117 +/- 29 s). IHIGH was similar between U
(269 +/- 73 W) and ER (319 +/- 50 W), and both were lower than EC (451 +/-
33 W). EI HIGH was similar and significantly correlated with IHIGH only in U
(r = 0.87) and ER (r = 0.62). ETLOW and TLOW were different only for U and
not significantly correlated in all groups. These data suggest that the
aerobic training status affects the validity of the proposed models for
estimating IHIGH.
Publication Type
Comparative Study. Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Result <20>
Unique Identifier
12527974
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Meyer T. Gabriel HH. Auracher M. Scharhag J. Kindermann W.
Authors Full Name
Meyer, T. Gabriel, H H W. Auracher, M. Scharhag, J. Kindermann, W.
Institution
Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland,
Faculty of Clinical Medicine, 66041 Saarbrucken, Germany.
Title
Metabolic profile of 4 h cycling in the field with varying amounts of
carbohydrate supply.
Source
European Journal of Applied Physiology. 88(4-5):431-7, 2003 Jan.
Abstract
Several laboratory studies have demonstrated a performance-enhancing
effect of carbohydrate (CHO) supplementations during endurance sessions of
long duration. However, the transferability of these results to real
training and competition circumstances has not been conclusively shown.
Therefore, we tried to test the influence of graded CHO substitution on
substrate utilization and selected physiological parameters under
standardized but practically orientated field conditions. Fourteen
endurance-trained male subjects [mean (SD): 25 (5) years, 72 (9) kg,
.VO(2max) 67 (6) ml.min(-1).kg(-1), individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) 269
(30) W] after a stepwise increasing pre-test had to perform three 4-h
endurance rides on their own bicycles with simultaneous spiroergometry:
constant workload 70% IAT (monitoring by SRM-System). Before and during
exercise, solutions without (0%), with 6% or 12% CHO were administered
double-blindly and in randomized order (total volume: 50 ml.kg(-1)!
). After cessation of exercise, significant differences between 0% and both
CHO concentrations were detected for blood glucose (GLU; 75 mg dl(-1) for 0%
vs 101 mg dl(-1) for 6% vs 115 mg dl(-1) for 12%; P<0.001) and respiratory
exchange ratio (0.84 vs 0.88 vs 0.90; P<0.01; correlation to GLU: r=0.46,
P<0.05). Free fatty acids (0.19 vs 0.16 vs 0.10 mmol l(-1)) and glycerol
(0.41 vs 0.22 vs 0.12 mmol l(-1)) were significantly different between the
endurance trials in a dose-dependent manner (both P<0.001). Lactate
concentration ( P=0.42) and heart rate ( P=0.12) had no significant
influence from CHO substitution. We conclude that CHO substitution during
4-h endurance training inhibits lipolysis in a dose-dependent manner and
enhances aerobic glycolysis. This proves that earlier laboratory findings
can be replicated under field conditions using modern portable equipment.
Publication Type
Clinical Trial. Journal Article. Randomized Controlled Trial. Research
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Result <21>
Unique Identifier
9007451
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Weston AR. Myburgh KH. Lindsay FH. Dennis SC. Noakes TD. Hawley JA.
Authors Full Name
Weston, A R. Myburgh, K H. Lindsay, F H. Dennis, S C. Noakes, T D.
Hawley, J A.
Institution
Department of Physiology, UCT Medical School, Observatory, South Africa.
Title
Skeletal muscle buffering capacity and endurance performance after
high-intensity interval training by well-trained cyclists.
Source
European Journal of Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology.
75(1):7-13, 1997.
Abstract
Skeletal muscle buffering capacity (beta m), enzyme activities and
exercise performance were measured before and after 4 weeks of
high-intensity, submaximal interval training (HIT) undertaken by six
well-trained competitive cyclists [mean maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)
= 66.2 ml.kg-1.min-1]. HIT replaced a portion of habitual endurance training
and consisted of six sessions, each of six to eight repetitions of 5 min
duration at 80% of peak sustained power output (PPO) separated by 1 min of
recovery. beta m increased from 206.6 (17.9) to 240.4 (34.1) mumol H+.g
muscle dw-1.pH-1 after HIT (P = 0.05). PPO, time to fatigue at 150% PPO
(TF150) and 40-km cycle time trial performance (TT40) all significantly
improved after HIT (P < 0.05). In contrast, there was no change in the
activity of either phosphofructokinase or citrate synthase. In addition,
beta m correlated significantly with TT40 performance before HIT (r = -0.82,
P < 0.05) and the relationship between change in b!
eta m and change in TT40 was close to significance (r = -0.74). beta m did
not correlate with TF150. These results indicate that beta m may be an
important determinant of relatively short-duration (< 60 min) endurance
cycling activity and responds positively to just six sessions of
high-intensity, submaximal interval training.
Publication Type
Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.
Result <22>
Unique Identifier
17549464
Status
MEDLINE
Authors
Chapman AR. Vicenzino B. Blanch P. Hodges PW.
Authors Full Name
Chapman, Andrew R. Vicenzino, Bill. Blanch, Peter. Hodges, Paul W.
Institution
Division of Physiotherapy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD,
Australia.
Title
Leg muscle recruitment during cycling is less developed in triathletes
than cyclists despite matched cycling training loads.
Source
Experimental Brain Research. 181(3):503-18, 2007 Aug.
Abstract
Studies of arm movements suggest that interference with motor learning
occurs when multiple tasks are practiced in sequence or with short interim
periods. However, interference with learning has only been studied during
training periods of 1-7 days and it is not known if interference with
learning continues during long-term multitask training. This study
investigated muscle recruitment in highly trained triathletes, who swim,
cycle and run sequentially during training and competition. Comparisons were
made to highly trained and novice cyclists, i.e. between trained
multidiscipline, trained single-discipline and novice single-discipline
athletes, to investigate adaptations of muscle recruitment that occur in
response to ongoing multitask, or multidiscipline, training.
Electromyographic (EMG) activity of five leg muscles, tibialis anterior,
tibialis posterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius lateralis and soleus
muscles, was recorded during cycling using intramuscular fine-wi!
re electrodes. Differences were found between trained triathletes and
trained cyclists in recruitment of all muscles, and patterns of muscle
recruitment in trained triathletes were similar to those recorded in novice
cyclists. More specifically, triathletes and novice cyclists were
characterised by greater sample variance (i.e. greater variation between
athletes), greater variation in muscle recruitment patterns between pedal