Pertanika Vol. 10 No.3December 1987
PERT-0432-1987Occurrence of the Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne Incognita on Guava in Malaysia
A.R. Razak and T.K. Lim
Keywords: Root knot nematode; Meloidogyne incognita; guava decline; Psidiumguajava
ABSTRACT
Incidence oj decline in growth of guava caused by the nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in several states in Malaysia is reported for the first time. The nematode infested plant manifested a
drastic reduction in plant growth, small leaves, absence of fine roots, a poorly developed root system, and a decline in yield quality and quantity. Severely infested roots are distorted by small and large multiple galls. Factors influencing the spread and survival oj the nematode are also discussed.
PERT-0433-1987
Propagation and Maintenance of VAM Cultures
H. AzizahChulan
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Keywords: VAM species; Seteria grass, Alliumascalonicum
ABSTRACT
This paper reports the establishment of eight vesicular-arbuscularmycorrhizal (VAM) fungal species under Malaysian conditions. VAM fungi can be propagated and maintained on Setaria as the host plant.
PERT-0434-1987
The Physico-chemical Changes in Ciku (AchrassapotaL.) of Jantung Variety
MohamadNordin Bin Abdul Karim, Sapii Ahmad Tarmizi and Abdullah Abu Bakar
Keywords: Ciku; sapota; physico-chemical changes; respiration; maturity.
ABSTRACT
Ciku of jantung variety attains maturity after six months from fruit set. The weight, length, width and volume of the fruit increase until harvest but slows between six to seven months. The slow rate of growth coincides with the colour changes of the pulp and pip. The firmness of the fruit decreases towards maturity. Moisture and tannin content reach maximum level between the fifth and the six month. At the same time, total titratable acidity starts to decrease gradually. Total soluble solid, total sugar and reducing sugar increase throughout fruit development, being particularly rapid between the seventh and eighth month. Starch- content decreases as growth increases. Respiratory pattern of ciku is similar to that of a climateric fruit. Fruit harvested after six months have a low rate of respiration. The lengths of width of the fruit are greatly influenced by age and can be used as an index of maturity.
PERT-0435-1987
The Microfabric Changes in a Weathering Profile over Quartz-Mica Schist in Peninsular Malaysia
SitiZauyah
Keywords: Saprolite; scanning electron microscope; halloysite; weathering.
ABSTRACT
A scanning electron microscope has been used to observe the microfabric changes that are brought about by weathering in a quartz-mica schist. A large morphological variety is revealed from rock to soil Alteration of the biotites and feldspars causes the tightly packed rock fabric to open up into a porous fabric. The fabrics of the saprolite and pedoplasmation zone consist of aggregates of tubular halloysite, euhedral gibbsite and goethite discoids. The resultant soil material, however, is dominated by platy kaolinite showing face-to-face packing.
PERT-0436-1987
The Bacterial Flora of the Trachea, Liver, Spleen andHeart Blood of Chicken
M. Shah Majid and H. Jah
Keywords: Chicken organs; bacterial flora.
ABSTRACT
A total of 184 tracheas, 147 livers, 150 spleens and 148 hearts from apparently healthy anddead chickens were sampled and the bacterial flora was determined. The bacteria most commonlycultured from these four organs of healthy birds were Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., andEscherichia coli. Escherichia coli, Aeromonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., and Citrobacterspp., were the common isolates from dead chickens. Pasteurellahaemolytica was present insmall numbers in the trachea, liver and spleen of healthy chickens and liver, spleen and heart of deadchickens.
PERT-0437-1987
Comparison of the Frying Performance of Market Samples of Palm Olein, Corn Oil and Soya Oil in Malaysia
M.A. Augustin, K.H. Lee and K.T. Yau
Keywords: Frying performance; palm olein; corn oil; soya oil.
ABSTRACT
The frying performance of market samples of palm olein, corn and soya oils sold in Malaysia were compared. The oils were used for intermittent frying of potato slices at half hour intervals for a period of5hr per day for four consecutive days. Analyses of oils showed that during drying (i) the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, as shown by changes in iodine value and the fatty acid composition, was less in palm olein than in corn and soya oils, (ii) polymer formation was least in palm olein compared to corn and soya oils, (Hi) the rate of change in acid value was highest in palm olein and (iv) that after 4 days of frying, corn oil had the lightest colour.
PERT-0438-1987
Food Energy from Palm Oil and its Fractionation Products, Palm Olein and Palm Stearin*
T.K.W. Ng, Y.H. Chong and H.T. Khor
Keywords: Palm oil; palm olein; palm stearin; food energy; calorific value; energy availability rat assay.
ABSTRACT
The energy availability of palm oil, palm olein and palm stearin was determined by growth responses of young rats under conditions of energy restriction. The energy values are found to be 8.92 kilocalories per gram (kcal/g) for refined, bleached and deodorised (RBD) palm oil, 9,06kcal/gfor RBD palm olein and 8.55kcal/gfor RBD palm stearin, based on the energy availability of 8.93kcal/g established for cottonseed oil. These findings indicate that for practical purposes, the traditional use of 9.0kcal/g as the energy availability of edible fats is appropriate for RBD palm oil and RBD palm olein.
PERT-0439-1987
Conductance and Cryoscopic Measurements in Aqueous L-Ascorbic Acid Solutions
C.E. Seng, Mohd. Shamim and Mohd.Baki
Keywords: Conductance; cryoscopic; L-ascorbic acid; aqueous solution.
ABSTRACT
Molar conductances at 25°C and depression oj freezing point in the concentration range of 0.01 - 0.20 M aqueous L-ascorbic acid solutions have been measured. The limiting molar conductance and the first dissociation constant oj the acid have been found to be 380.4 S cm2mol -1and 6.03 x 10 smoldm respectively.
PERT-0440-1987
Synthesis of 2-acetyl-5-t-butyl-l,4-benzoquinone
Faujan Bin H. Ahmad
Keywords: Quinone synthesis; 2-acetyl-5-t-butyl-l,4-benzoquinone.
ABSTRACT
2-Acetyl-5-t-butyl-l,4-benzoquinone (1), was synthesized since addition oj substituted buta-V, 3-dienes to it should give the adduct (2); a compound required for further study of the acetyl shift mechanism, suggested by Ahmad, et al. (1981). A series of reactions for the synthesis of the uinone (l)from t-butylhydroquinone (3) is discussed.
PERT-0441-1987
The Sorption Characteristics of Lead and Copper by the Moss, CalymperesdelessertiiBesch
K.S. Low and C.K. Lee
Key words: Moss; CalymperesdelesertiiBesch; sorption characteristics; lead; copper.
ABSTRACT
It was found that the moss, CalymperesdelessertiiBesch could sorb more than 99% of lead and copper ions in a 40QJUM solution in less than 5 minutes. Its maximum sorption capacity for lead and copper is 241.3 and 426.5fxmol g l respectively. pH> surfactants, sodium ions, chloride and sulphate ions do not have any apparent effect on the sorption of these metals. In the presence of EDTA, the metals are bound more strongly to the complexing reagent than to the moss. The order of retention of mixed heavy metals in solution is found to be lead, copper > cadmium, nickel > zinc. Studies on moss columns indicate that lead and copper are effectively removed from solutions and that the heavy metals are sorbed on the upper layer of the moss column. Eluants contained no detectable metals ions.
PERT-0442-1987
The Removal of Cationic Dyes by a Natural Moss: I. Adsorption Studies
C.K. Lee and K.S. Low
Keywords: Adsorption; moss; contact time; diffusion; rate.
ABSTRACT
The adsorption of two basic dyes, methylene blue and Astrazone red violet 3R on the moss, CalymperesdelessertiiBesch, was studied. The parameters studied included contact time, particle size and dose of absorbent, initial concentration and pH of dye solution and temperature. The results indicate that the moss is an efficient adsorbent and the rate determining factor is probably a combination of surface adsorption and diffusion within the moss.
PERT-0443-1987
The Removal of Cationic Dyes by a Natural Moss: II Equilibrium and Column Studies
C.K. Lee and K.S. Low
Keywords: Adsorption; moss isotherm; contact time; 50% breakthrough; bed-depth service time.
ABSTRACT
The adsorption of a series of Astrazone cationic dyes and methylene blue on the moss, CalymperesdelessertiiBesch, was studied. The results indicate that Langmuir isotherm can be successfully applied, and adsorption of these dyes on the moss is a feasible process. A series of fixed bed experiments was undertaken and the results were compared with the bed depth service time model for adsorption columns.
PERT-0444-1987
Mixed Adsorbent for Colour Removal from Aqueous Solution
Sunil Kumar Khare, Vishwanath Singh and Ram Mohan Sri Vastava
Keywords: Mixed adsorbent; fly ash-wollastonite; victoria blue; diffusion; mass-transfer;
Langmuir isotherm; pH desorption.
ABSTRACT
A homogenous mixture of fly ash and wollastonite (1:1) has been used as mixed adsorbent to study the removal of victoria blue (CI Basic blue — 26, 44045) from its aqueous solution. The parameters studied were initial dye concentration, temperature and pH of the solution. The kinetics of adsorption indicates the process to be diffusion controlled. The equilibrium data at different temperatures fit well into the Langmuir isotherm. Maximum adsorption and desorption of victoria blue from the interface of fly ash-wollastonite was noted at pH 8.5 and pH 3.0 respectively
PERT-0445-1987
An Empirical Study of the Treasury Bill Market in Malaysia: Part 1 — Using Treasury Bills as a Predictor of Inflation
Annuar Md. Nasir, ShamsherMohamad and ZainalAbidin Mohamed
Keywords: Treasury bill; efficient market; interest rates; expected inflation; nominal return; real return.
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study is to test Fama s theory of short term interest rates as predictors of inflation. The study found that, using 3 months treasury bill discount rates to approximate monthly nominal return, the Malaysian 91-days treasury bill market was not efficient. We found that there is no basis to use short term interest as proxy for expected inflation.
PERT-0446-1987
Real versus Nominal Adjustment Mechanism in the Malaysian Demand for Money Function
Roslan A. Ghaffar and Muzafar S. Habibullah
Keywords: Money demand; stock adjustment; specification test; stability; ex-post forecast.
.
ABSTRACT
This article investigates the issue of real versus nominal adjustment mechanism in the Malaysian demand for money function. The test for stability and ex-post forecasting ability of the model are also conducted. The results suggest that for Ml, both specifications are the 'true' model, and for M2 and M3, the nominal specification is the 'true' model. The stability test indicates that only the real specification for M2 and M3 are stable, and the results of the ex-post forecast suggest that the nominal specification has a better forecasting ability compared to the real specification of the Malaysian money demand function.
PERT-0447-1987
SatuPengubahsuaianbagiKaedah Hansen untukMenghitungdanMembatasiPensifarNyataFungsi-fungsidenganSatuPembolehubah
(A Modification of Hansen's Method for Computing and Bounding Real Zeros of Functions with One Variable)
ISMAIL BIN MOHD
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Keywords: Teoremtaylor; kaedahnewton; matematikselang.
ABSTRACT
Some of the ideas which have been used in an algorithm for computing and bounding real roots off: R1 -> R1 (MBPN) in a given interval are described.
PERT-0448-1987
RantauTarikanbagiSistemKawalan
MalikHj. Abu Hassan
Key words: Liapunov; kestabilan; rantautarikan; Zubov.
ABSTRACT
A control system with a single nonlinearity which satisfies the sector condition in the interval (m}, mj and leaves the interval at o < m; < 0 and o > m 2> 0 is studied. The regions of attraction for three types of nonlinearity were obtained and it was found that the numerical method gives a good approimation of the true stability boundaries
PERT-0449-1987
COMMUNICATION I
An Inter-industry Analysis of the West Malaysian Economy
Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman
ABSTRACT
This paper analyses the structural interrelationship of the West Malaysian economy based on the 1982 inter-industry table. Four types of direct interdependence are examined, namely, industrial share of final demand and primary input components, input requirement and intermediate transactions of industries. The study indicates that a substantial proportion of private consumption in the economy comprises expenditure on food and services. The fixed capital formation structure is dominated by the construction and motor vehicle industries while the export mix is dominated
by the petroleum products, rubber processing and oils and fats industries. In general, the non-agrobased manufacturing industries are the major purchasers of imported inputs whereas the agricultural and service industries are the major users of primary inputs. The analysis of structure of intermediate transactions indicates that there are only a few industries that possess extensive technological linkages with the rest of the economy. The majority of high-linkage industries comprise those that are involved in the processing of imported inputs for domestic or export markets such as chemical fertilizers, plastic products and other metal products.
PERT-0450-1987
COMMUNICATION II
SatuKaedahBaruMenentukanNilaiAmbangTindakanSeranggaPerosakTanamanPadi
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ABSTRACT
Data on mean population density (x̅) and proportion of infestation (P(I)) per hill for the whitebackedplanthopper (Sogatellafurcifera), brown planthopper (Nilaparvatalugens), green leafhoppers (TsJephotettix spp.), moths of the stemborers (Chilo spp.), Malayan black rice bug (Scotinopharacoarctata) and rice bugs flLeptocorisa spp.) were obtained during one growing season at a paddy estate, Bukit Cawi, Seberang Perak. Each species indicated best fit (r2 = 0.96) to a negative binomial model when P(I) values from 4 binomial models were regressed against P(I) values from the data. This model is used to form a graph ofP(I) versusH. Value ofx̅ where saturation commences is suggested as the action threshold value for management of the particular pest species.
PERT-0451-1987
COMMUNICATION III
PembetulanpadamakalahSatuKajianTeoriTentangPenyejukan Air didalamLabuSayong
Key words; Pekalipemindahanhaba; perbezaansuhu.