Pre-AP/GT Fall Semester Final Review

Pre-AP/GT Fall Semester Final Review

1. What is the focus of biology?

• Learning about the different types of living things around you

1. What is the scientific method?

• Steps scientists use to gather information & test hypotheses

1. What is a scientific theory?

• Scientific explanation of known facts arrived at thru repeated testing

1. What is a control related to an experiment?

• Part of the experiment in which all conditions are kept the same

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1. What is a hypothesis?

• A testable explanation for a question or problem

1. What is the difference between qualitative & quantitative data?

• Qualitative refers to quality & quantitative refers to numerical data

1. What produces carbon dioxide?

• Carbon cycle: photosynthesis, respiration, fuel combustion, burning of forests

1. What process uses carbon dioxide?

• Photosynthesis

1. What are the 3 types of symbiosis? Give examples of each

• Mutualism – both species benefit; flowers & bees
• Commensalism – one species benefits & other is unaffected; whale & barnacles
• Parasitism – one species benefits & the other is harmed & eventually killed; flea/tick & dog

1. How is energy passed in a food chain?

• It decreases as it moves along the chain from producers to consumers

1. Create a food chain with the following:

• Grass => field mouse => cat => dog

1. From the food chain above, which organism has the greatest energy? The least energy?

• Greatest – grass
• Least - dog

1. What is the difference between predator-prey relationship & parasite-host relationship?

• Predator – hunter; prey – hunted
• Parasite – lives off & eventually kills the host

1. Define population

• Organisms of the same species

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1. Define carrying capacity

• Maximum number of individual organisms that could be supported by the environment indefinitely

1. What is the difference between density-dependent factors & density-independent factors?

• Density-dependent: population control factors whose effects increase as the size of the population increases; ex: disease
• Density-independent: affects population no matter the density

1. Define biodiversity

• Variety of species in a specific area; the larger the area, the more diverse

1. Define extrapolate

• Predict

1. What is an organic compound?

• Carbon compounds that come from living things

1. What about the structure of carbon makes it the most abundant element found in living organisms?

• It has 4 electrons to share & bond to other elements

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1. What are the four major polymers/macromolecules?

• Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, & nucleic acids

1. Define enzyme

• A protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction

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1. Define diffusion & dynamic equilibrium

• Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration; continues until there is no dynamic equilibrium

1. What organisms can have cell walls?

• Plants, bacteria, & fungi

1. Why are folded membranes in organelles advantageous?

• Provides a larger surface area, makes cell processes more efficient, & forms interconnected compartments

1. What are the parts of the cell theory?

• All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
• The cell is the basic unit of organization in living things
• All cells come from other cells

1. What is the difference between eukaryotic & prokaryotic?

• Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
• Euk = nuc & pro = no

1. What are the four main components of a plasma membrane?

• Lipid bilayer
• Cholesterol
• Carbohydrate chains

1. What is the function of each of the four parts of a plasma membrane?

• If cholesterol was removed, the membrane would collapse

1. Draw & label a phospholipid

1. What is homeostasis & what part of the cell is responsible for maintaining it?

• Plasma membrane

1. Define mitochondria

• Transforms energy – the powerhouse – “mighty” mitochondria

1. What type of the cell is a chloroplast found in?

• Plant cells

1. What direction would water flow if a cell was placed into a hypotonic solution?

• Into the cell causing the cell to swell; hypo - hippo

1. What direction would water flow if a cell was placed into a hypertonic solution?

• Out of the cell causing the cell to shrink

1. What type of transport is employed when particles move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration?

• Active transport = up the hill

1. Where are genes found?

• On chromosomes

1. What is the function of genes?

• The segment of DNA that controls the production of proteins

1. What occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

• The lining up of the chromosomes in the cell

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1. Which phase of the cell cycle is the longest?

• Interphase

1. How is energy obtained from an ATP molecule?

• When the chemical bond is broken between the 2 phosphates

1. How many ATP are used in the first step of glycolysis?

• Two

1. How many ATP are synthesized in the second step of glycolysis?

• Four

1. What is the equation of photosynthesis?

• 6CO2 + 6H2O + sun’s energy => C6H12O6 + 6O2

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1. Explain how pigments appear as a specific color.

• The portion of light that we see is the color that is being reflected

1. Why is crossing over important?

• Provides genetic recombination

1. What is the difference between homozygous dominant, heterozygous, & homozygous recessive?

• Homozygous dominant: 2 dominant alleles (TT); expresses the dominant trait
• Heterozygous: 1 dominant & 1 recessive allele (Tt); expresses the dominant trait
• Homozygous recessive: 2 recessive alleles (tt); expresses the recessive trait

1. Define allele

• The alternate forms of a gene that control different forms of a trait

1. What is the backbone of a DNA molecule made up of?

• Phosphate and sugar (deoxyribose) molecules

1. Define translocation

• When part of one chromosome breaks off & is added to a different chromosome

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1. What is the difference between replication, transcription, & translation?

• Replication: copying of the DNA molecule; occurs in the nucleus
• Transcription: formation of messenger RNA from DNA; occurs in the nucleus
• Translation: conversion of RNA into amino acids; occurs on the ribosome (know what this process LOOKS like)

1. Define point mutation & frameshift mutation

• Point mutation: one base is replaced with another
• Frameshift mutation: a base is deleted or added causing the entire sequence to shift

1. Define incomplete dominance

• A blending of the two parental traits; ex: a pink flower comes from red & white parents

1. Define codominance

• Both traits are displayed; ex: red cow crossed with white cow produces roan offspring (red & white spotted) or black chicken crossed with white chicken produces black & white speckled offspring

1. What would be the expected genotype & phenotype ratios for a cross between a female homozygous dominant for curly hair(CC) and a male recessive for straight hair (cc)?

• 100% heterozygous Cc

1. What would be the expected genotype & phenotype ratios for a cross between two of the organisms from the F1 generation produced in the previous question?

• 3 curly : 1 straight

1. How are recessive disorders inherited?

• Offspring must inherit 2 recessive alleles; both parents must be carriers (heterozygous) of the disorder

1. List the phenotype & genotype of human blood

• AA: type A
• AO: type A
• BB: type B
• BO: type B
• AB: type AB
• OO: type O

1. How do you inherit Huntington’s disease?

• An autosomal dominant inheritance that has a 50% risk of being passed to offspring with one parent being affected

1. What are the sexes of the F1 generation?

• 3 female

1. What are the genotypes of the parents?

• Heterozygous father & homozygous dominant mother

1. What are the phenotypes of the children?

• 2 affected & 1 normal

1. Give some common examples of sex-linked conditions.

• Royal hemophilia & red-green color blindness

1. What is Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

• During meiosis, the factors that control each trait separate, & only ONE factor from each pair is/are passed to the offspring

1. What is a diploid cell?

• A cell containing two alleles for each trait