Name ______Date ______Period ______# ______
Post-Test Review
This test will count as a grade for the nine weeks; therefore, you will want to take the preparation for it seriously. Use your textbook, glossary, and the items in this nine weeks notebook to help you complete this study guide.
Ch. 1 The Science of Life
1. Determine the total magnification power of a microscope if you have the objective lens on medium power (10X). (Remember you must also take the ocular lens into consideration when performing this calculation.)
Ocular x Objective = Total magnification
10X x 10X = 100X
2. Define homeostasis. Give an example of how this happens in a human’s body.
3. The smallest structural and function al unit that can carry out all life’s processes is called a ______CELL______.
4. The experimenter wanted to determine the amount of water pea plant clones need in order to grow best. Pea plant clones were given different amounts of water during a three week period. The first pea plant received 400 mL per day. The second pea plant received 200 mL per day. The third pea plant received 100 mL per day. The fourth pea plant received no extra water. Each of the plants was placed in the exact same location outside in a greenhouse. The heights of the pea plants were recorded daily.
A. What is the scientific problem?
What are the effects of the amount of water used on plant growth of pea plant clones?
B. Identify the independent (manipulated) variable.
The IV is the amount of water used to water the plants.
C. Identify the dependent (responding) variable.
The DV is how much the plant grows.
D. Identify the controlled variable(s).
The controlled variables in this experiment are the amount of time the experiment runs (3 weeks), the location that the plants were placed in the greenhouse, and the type of plants used were peas.
E. Which are the experimental groups?
The experimental groups are the plant watered with 400 mL of extra water, the plant watered with 200 mL of extra water, and the plant watered with 100 mL of extra water.
F. Which is the control group?
The control group is the plant watered with no extra water.
5. Define bias. Is it good to conduct an experiment being biased
Bias is when an experimenter influences the results in an experiment. No, it is not good to be biased in an experiment.
6. Describe the proper way to construct a graph.
1. choose the right type of graph for your data
2. label the x and y axis with your variables
3. have an appropriate title
4. choose an appropriate scale for your data
5. plot your points accurately
Ch. 2-3 Chemistry & Biochemistry
7. Water has many important properties. One property of water is that most substances will dissolve in it because it is a good solvent.
8. If the pH of a substance is low, the substance is considered ACIDIC. If the pH of a substance is high, the substance is considered BASIC. If the pH of a substance is 7, the substance is considered NEUTRAL.
9. List the 6 elements important to life. (Remember C, H, O, N, P, and S).
CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND SULFUR
10. What is an enzyme and how does it work?
ENZYME- A TYPE OF PROTEIN THAT SPEEDS UP THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS. THEY WORK TO LOWER THE ACTIVATION ENERGY NEEDED TO START A CHEMICAL REACTION. REMEMBER THE LOCK AND KEY MODEL.
11. When can an enzyme change its shape and become denatured (not work the way is supposed to in the body)?
ENZYMES CAN BECOME DENATURED WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IS TOO HIGH OR TOO LOW OR THE pH OF THE SOLUTION IS TOO ACIDIC OR BASIC.
12. Enzymes are a type of protein. What is the monomer unit (smallest unit) of a protein? (Remember I used the analogy of the wall in our classroom was a protein, and the cement blocks that make up the wall were the AMINO ACIDS that make the protein.)
13. What are carbohydrates? Give two examples of an organism that are made up of carbohydrates.
CARBOHYDRATES- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS COMPOSED OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN WHICH SERVE AS A SOURCE OF QUICK ENERGY
CELLULOSE IS MADE OF CARBS AND IS FOUND IN THE CELL WALLS OF PLANTS. GLYCOGEN IS STORED IN THE LIVER AND MUSLCES OF A HUMAN AND PROVIDES QUICK ENERGY WHEN THE BODY NEEDS IT.
14. What are the differences between DNA and RNA? (Concentrate on the structural and functional differences.)
DNA IS DOUBLE-STRANDED, IS MADE UP OF A DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR, AND HAS THE BASES A, T, G, AND C. IT FUNCTIONS TO PROVIDE THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR INHERITED CHARACTERISTICS
RNA IS SINGLE-STRANDED, IS MADE UP OF RIBOSE SUGAR, AND HAS THE BASE URACIL INSTEAD OF THYMINE. IT STORES AND TRANSFERS THE INFORMATION FROM DNA TO MAKE PROTEINS.
Ch. 4-5 Cell Structure & Function and Cell Transport
15. Define prokaryotic cell. List the kingdoms of organisms that have these types of cells.
PROKARYOTIC CELL- A TYPE OF CELL THAT HAS NO TRUE NUCLEUS OR MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES
KINGOM EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEBACTERIA HAVE PROKARYOTIC CELLS.
16. Define eukaryotic cell. List the kingdoms of organisms that have these types of cells.
EUKARYOTIC CELL- A TYPE OF CELL THAT HAS A TRUE NUCLEUS AND MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES
KINGDOMS PROTISTA, FUNGI, PLANTAE, AND ANIMALIA ALL HAVE EUKARYOTIC CELLS.
17. Which cell type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) is more advanced?EUKARYOTIC
18. Draw a mitochondrion and tell what it functions to do within the cell. (Remember we called it the powerhouse.)THE MITOCHONDRIA FUNCTION TO PROVIDE ENERGY TO THE CELL SO IT CAN DO WORK.
19. What are the ribosomes in a cell responsible for doing? Where are they located in the cell?RIBOSOMES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MAKING PROTEIN AND ARE FOUND IN THE ROUGH ER AND IN THE CYTOPLASM.
20. What is osmosis?OSMOSIS IS THE MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW CONCENTRATION IN A CELL.
Ch. 6-7 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
21. What is photosynthesis? What gas is given off during this process? What types of organisms use this process?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS- THE PROCESS BY WHICH SOME ORGANISMS USE SUNLIGHT, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND WATER TO PRODUCE CARBOHYDRATES AND OXYGEN
ORGANISMS WHO USE THIS PROCESS INCLUDE PLANTS, ALGAE, AND SOME BACTERIA.
22. What is cellular respiration? What gas is given off during this process? What types of organisms use this process?
CELLULAR RESPIRATION- THE PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS GET ENERGY FROM CARBOHYDRATES USUALLY BY USING OXYGEN FROM THE AIR AND COMBINGING IT WITH GLUCOSE TO MAKE WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE
ALL ORGANISMS USE CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
23. Do photosynthetic organisms depend on organisms who use cellular respiration?YES, PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS GIVE OFF OXYGEN WHICH THE ORGANISMS WHO USE CELLULAR RESPIRATION NEED TO START THE PROCESS AND ORGANISMS WHO UNDERGO CELLULAR RESPIRATION GIVE OFF CARBON DIOXIDE WHICH PLANTS NEED TO START PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
Ch. 8 Cell Reproduction (Cell Division)
24. Draw and label the different parts of a chromosome (chromatids and centromere).
25. What does the offspring look like when it reproduces asexually through mitosis?
ASEXUAL ORGANISMS PRODUCE OFFSPRING THAT ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO THE PARENT.
26. How many chromosomes would this offspring have if its parent has 16 chromosomes?THE OFFSPRING WOULD HAVE 16 CHROMOSOMES.
If an offspring has 17 chromosomes, what has probably happened?THE OFFSPRING PROBABLY HAD A MUTATION IN ITS DNA.
27. A human’s diploid number is 46. This number is found in all of a human’s BODYcells. A human’s haploid number is 23. This number is found only in a human’s SEX cells.
28. Mitosis is a form of ASEXUAL reproduction whereas meiosis leads to the production of gametes (sex cells) which is a form of SEXUAL reproduction.
29. Which form of reproduction (asexual or sexual) allows for greater variation within a species? SEXUAL
Ch. 9-13 Genetics
30. Who is considered the father of genetics for his work with pea plants?GREGOR MENDEL
31. If a person has brown eyes and is heterozygous dominant for eye color, what is their phenotype? Genotype?PHENOTYPE = BROWN EYES GENOTYPE = Bb
32. The information gained from the Human Genome Project stands to benefit the MEDICAL field the most.
33. Color-blindness is considered a SEX (X)-linked trait because it is carried on the X chromosome. Who is more affected by this trait- males or females?MALES
34. The pedigree below represents a family in which some members have the sickle cell allele.
A. In the genetic pedigree, person U (heterozygous)and her husband(heterozygous) are consideringhaving another child. Use Ato represent theallele for normal red blood cellsand S to represent the allele forsickle cell disease. What is the percent chance that thischild will develop sickle celldisease? (Remember that AA is normal, AS is a carrier of sickle cell but does not have it, and SS has sickle cell disease.)
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 100%
B. Which of the individuals in the pedigree is a male with SS (recessive)?
A. X
B. W
C. the father in the first generation
D. none of these
35. What is genetic engineering? Give an example of how this has been done in humans.
GENETIC ENGINEERING- THE PROCESS OF ALTERING THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF CELLS OR ORGANISMS TO ALLOW THEM TO MAKE NEW SUBSTANCES
AN EXAMPLE OF THIS WAS DONE BY PLACING A HUMAN GENE FOR INSULIN INTO A BATERIUM. BACTERIA WITH THIS GENE CAN MAKE HUMAN INSULIN IN LARGE AMOUNTS TO HELP THOSE PEOPLE WITH DIABETES.
Ch. 14-16 Evolution
36. Flies come from rotting meat is based on an old belief called SPONTANEOUS GENERATION (ABIOGENESIS). Flies come from the maggots which are the larval form of a flies life cycle is based on the theory of BIOGENESIS which states that living things come from other living things. Which of these theories is correct?BIOGENESIS
37. Who developed the theory of natural selection?CHARLES DARWIN
38. If you want to see if two organisms are closely related to one another, you can look at their DNA sequences. The more closely they match up, the more closely related the two organisms are to one another.
39. What is an adaptation? Give an example of one.
ADAPTATION- A TRAIT THAT MAKES AN INDIVIDUAL SUCCESSFUL IN ITS ENVIRONMENT
AN EXAMPLE OF AN ADAPTATION IS HAVING THICK FUR WHILE LIVING IN COLDER CLIMATES.
Ch. 17 Classification
40. What scientist developed the 8 levels of taxa (domain, kingdom, phyla, class, order, family, genus, and species) that we still use today?CAROLUS LINNEAUS
41. Why are scientific names better to use than common names when naming organisms? (Give two reasons.)SCIENTIFIC NAMES ARE NOT MISLEADING AND THERE IS ONLY ONE SCIENTIFIC NAME FOR EACH ORGANISM WHERE THERE CAN BE MULTIPLE COMMON NAMES FOR THE SAME ORGANISM.
42. What language are scientific names written in?LATIN
43. How do you properly write a scientific name?Homo sapiens
44. How do you use a dichotomous key? See page 354.
Ch. 18-22 Ecology
45. What is parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism?
PARASITISM- A RELATIONSHIP WHERE ONE ORGANISM BENEFITS WHILE THE OTHER IS HARMED
MUTUALSIM- A RELATIONSHIP WHERE BOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT
COMMENSALISM- A RELATIONSHIP WHERE ONE ORGANISM BENEFITS WHILE THE OTHER IS UNAFFECTED
46. A fox hunting a rabbit is an example of a PREDATOR-PREY relationship.
47. What is biological magnification? How did this process harm the bald eagle population in the US?SEE PAGE 442.
48. What is acid rain? What is the major contributor to this problem?SEE PAGE 441.
49. Bacteria reproduce at an exponential rate. Draw a sketch of a graph that would have this type of growth.SEE PAGE 386.