Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus
BI 231 Lab
Supplemental Package
PCC-Sylvania BI 231 Laboratory Supplement
1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire blanket, safety kit, and showers.
2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.
3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind, store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the benches.
4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for this purpose.
5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory. Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.
6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking
immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform instructor.
7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.
Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the dissection of preserved material.
8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.
9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.
10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.
11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how minor, to the instructor immediately.
12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
will be excluded from the Laboratory
Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials
Ø Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.
Ø Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10% bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.
Ø Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not replace their covers.
1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.
2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.
3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe.
4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor.
5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.
a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the models and may take a long time to replace.
6. At the end of an experiment:
a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.
b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!
7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.
8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard.
9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench.
10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash container provided.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
and directions will be excluded from the Laboratory
Please Read
You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well. If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models. Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!
Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions in the tests.
Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.
Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors.
Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can only attend another instructor’s class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both instructors. If you attend another instructor’s lab without permission your quiz will be automatically thrown out.
There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do. You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare for the tests.
Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions.
If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator () Thank you!
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 1
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Go over Laboratory Guidelines and Procedures, sign-up for microscopes and lab cabinet
From Lab Manual
Ex 1. Body Organization and Terminology
Ex 2. Care and Use of the Compound Light Microscope: This chapter is review. You should already know how to use and care for a microscope. Please ask your instructor for help if you need help have forgotten how to use the microscope.
______
Study focus: Anatomical terminology, organ systems and organ
DO NOT DO ACTIVITY 2.5 on page 22.
Lab resources: Dissectable models, muscle models
Ø Anatomical body regions, relationships, and planes (Figs. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3)(Table 1.1)
Ø Organs and organ systems (Fig. 1.5)
Ø Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions (Fig. 1.6)(Table 1.2)
Ø Body cavities (Fig. 1.7)(Table 1.3)
Ø Serous membranes (Fig. 1.7)
Ø Compound light microscopes: care and use thereof
Ø Superficial muscle groups, please label image below
a. Sternocleidomastoid
b. Deltoid
c. Pectoralis major
d. External abdominal oblique
e. Rectus abdominis
f. Biceps brachii
g. Sartorius
h. Rectus femoris
i. Tibialis anterior
j. Trapezius
k. Deltoid
l. Triceps brachii
m. Latissimus dorsi
n. Gluteus maximus
o. Semitendinosus
p. Biceps femoris
q. Gastrocnemius
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 2
Quiz 1 (material from previous week)
Tissues – Histology
Ex 5. Epithelial and Connective Tissues
______
Study focus: Be able to identify various epithelial and connective tissues and know locations in the human body where these tissues can be found.
Remember that organs contain more than one tissue type so majority of the slides that you will view will have more than one tissue type so please use the characteristics of the various tissue types to identify them within the organ you are viewing.
Lab resources: Microscopes, slide boxes in designated cabinets, instructor scope
Epithelial Tissues: slides to use are outlined in parentheses (Know Table 5.1, 5.2)
Ø Simple squamous epithelium (artery, vein, capillaries, alveoli of the lung, Bowman’s capsule)
Ø Stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized (skin) and non-keratinized (esophagus)
Ø Simple cuboidal epithelium (thyroid gland, kidney tubules, some glandular ducts, sweat glands)
Ø Stratified cuboidal epithelium (ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, sweat glands)
Ø Simple columnar epithelium, ciliated (fallopian/uterine tube) and non-ciliated (GI tract)
Ø Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (trachea, bronchi)
Ø Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder, ureters)
Mucous membranes: epithelial tissues that secrete mucus via goblet cells
Connective Tissues: slides are labeled with corresponding tissue (know Table 5.3)
Ø Embryonic CT: Mesenchyme (no slide in lab, please use laboratory manual)
Ø Connective tissue proper: Loose CT and Dense CT
o Loose CT: Areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue
o
o
o Dense CT: Dense regular CT, dense irregular CT, elastic tissue
Ø Solid connective tissues
o Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
o Bone. Structural components of compact bone (Fig. 5.16)
Ø Fluid connective tissues
o Blood. Formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
o Lymph (no slide)
Matrix of CT = Ground substance + fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
I recommend drawing the slides that you view under the microscope. This helps clarify distinguishing characteristics of each tissue type. If you do not wish to draw the slides write the functions of the tissues.
1
Terms to know:
Blast cells
Fibroblasts
Chondroblasts
Osteoblasts
Hemocytoblasts
Fibrocytes
Chondrocytes*
Osteocytes*
Collagen fibers*
Elastic fibers*
Reticular fibers*
Matrix
Ground substance
Goblet cells*
Erythrocytes*
Leukocytes*
1
*Be able to identify these cells and fibers under the microscope
Instructor’s initials: ______(4 pts)
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 3
Quiz 2 (material from previous week)
The Integument and its Accessory Structures
Ex 6. The Integumentary System: Cutaneous membrane (skin) + accessory structures (pp69-79)
Ex 7. Part I: Introduction to the Skeletal System (pp. 83 - 88
______
Study focus: Be able to identify organizational layers of the epidermis and dermis as well as identify accessory structures of the skin
Slides available: thick and thin skin slides and compact bone slides
Lab resources: Integument models, integument and finger nail models, microscope, slide boxes
Ø Microscopic structure of the skin
Ø Anatomical model of the skin, images
Ø Specialized cells of the skin
Ø Accessory structures of the skin
Ø The structure of nails
1
Terms to know:
Organ level
Organ system
Organ
Cutaneous membrane
Accessory structures of skin
Integumentary system
Epidermis
Dermis
Thick skin
Thin skin
Stratum germinativum/ basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Keratinocytes
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
Dermal papillae
Epidermal ridges
Hypodermis (superficial fascia or subcutaneous tissue)
Stratified squamous, keratinized epithelium
Melanocytes
Hair follicles
Hair bulb
Hair matrix
Hair root
Hair shaft
Keratin
Sebaceous glands
Arrector pili muscle
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
Nail plate
Nail bed
Free edge
Hyponychium
Lunula
Cuticle or eponychium
Lateral nail folds
Nail matrix
Nail root
1
Draw and label epidermis
(Include stratum)
Draw and label dermis
(Include accessory structures)
Instructor’s initials: ______(1pt)
Exercise 7: Terms to know
Fig 7.1 Classification of bones by shape