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Chaosiapurpurea, a new mycorrhizal species associated with epiphytic orchids in tropical Asia
Takayuki Aokia, Takashi Yaguchib, YoshitakaOnoc, TsutomuHattoria,*
aNational Institute of Fungi, 1-1 XXX, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-1234, Japan
bUniversity of YYY, …., Japan
cUniversity of ZZZ, …., Japan
*Corresponding author. National Institute of Fungi, 1-1 XXX, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-1234, Japan.
E-mail address: (T. Hattori).
Text: 15 pages; tables: 2; figures:3
Supplemental materials:2 Supplementary Tables and 3 Supplementary Figures
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Keywords: Atractiellales,[A2]Phalaenopsis, Phylogeny, Pucciniomycotina, Taxonomy
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2. Materials and methods
2.1. Morphology[second-level heading; in italics; hierarchically numbered; you may use the second-level headings (but not hierarchically numbered)for Short communications/Notes, if necessary]
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2.2. Molecular phylogeny
2.2.1. DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing and sequence alignment(third-level heading; in italics; hierarchically numbered)
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2.2.2. Phylogenetic analyses
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3. Results
3.1. Morphology
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3.2. Taxonomy
Chaosiapurpurea S. Takam.[A15], G. Okada [A16] Y. Ono, sp. nov. Figs1, 2.[A17]
MycoBank no.: MB #####.
Diagnosis: to be described in English.Diagnosis is a brief statement composed of key words and phrases to clearly distinguish a proposed taxon from allied taxa. Diagnosis here is different from a technical Description below.
Type:COUNTRY, locality, host or substrate, date of isolation or collection, isolator or collector, registration numbers: e.g., MALAYSIA, Perlis State, Chuping, in roots of PhalaenopsisviolaceaTeijsm. & Binn., 1 Jan 2017, leg. Y. Ono (holotype, TNS-F-#####; isotype, TFM:FPH-#####; ex-type cultures, JCM ##### = CBS #####).
Gene sequences ex-holotype: AB ##### (18S), AB ##### (ITS), AB ##### (EF-1α).
Etymology: Purpureus, from the color of orchid flower.
Start the description in English. Record measurements as length by width (or diameter). Place exceptional dimensions in parentheses. Indicate mean values separately.
Example: Conidia(10–[A18])13–16(–18.5) ×[A19] 7–8(–9) μm, 15.5 × 7.5 μm on average.
Chlamydospores 10–12(–13) μmdiam, finely warted.
Habitat and distribution: xxxxxxxxxx.
Additional specimens/cultures examined: xxxxxxxxxx.
3.3. Molecular phylogeny
4. Discussion
4.1. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Chaosiaspecies
4.2. Ecology of Chaosiapurpurea
4.3. Key to species of Chaosia
1a. Mycelial layer tomentose ...... 2
1b. Mycelial layer smooth ...... 3
2a. Button spherical (0.8–1.2 cm) attached to a thick subiculum, expanded basidiome 1.4–2.5cm wide, exoperidium not splitting in two layers, capillitial threads 3.4–5 μmdiam, branched and tapering tips ...... C. purpurea
2b. Button ovate and bluntly pointed (2–5 cm) with a poorly developed subiculum, expandedbasidioma 3–6 cm wide, exoperidium splitting in two layers, capillitial threads up to 11 μmdiam, often branched near the tapering tips...... C. velutina
3a. Expanded basidiome 1–5 cm in diam, spores 3.2–5.5 μmdiam, ornamented with columnar processes up to 0.6 μm high ...... C. saccata
3b. Expanded basidiome 2–2.5 cm diam, spores 2–3 μmdiam, ornamented with low verrucae up to 0.2 μm high ...... C. minutispora
Disclosure
The author(s) declare(s) no conflicts of interest. All the experiments undertaken in this study comply with the current laws of the country(-ies) where they were performed.
Acknowledgements[A20]
This study was supported, in part, by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (no. XXXXX) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences. We thank Dr. YYYYY, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, for providing Phalaenopsis plants for inoculation experiments.
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Figure legends[A58]
Fig. 1 – Chaosiapurpurea[A59](TNS-F-#####). A: Light micrograph (LM) of a transverse section through the root of Phalaenopsisviolacea.B: TEM image showing root colonization in P.violacea.C: Simple-septatebasidia (LM). D:Basidiospores (LM). E:Basidiospores (SEM). Bars: A20 μm; B 1 μm; C–E 5 μm.
Fig. 2 – Neighbor-joining tree derived from the 18S rRNA gene sequences from the 50 fungi classified in the Atractiellales. The scale bar indicates one base change per 100 nucleotide positions. Bootstrap values were calculated from 1000 replications.
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Table[A67] 1
Comparison of Chaosiapurpurea with similar species.
Species / Associated plant / Size of basidiospores (μm) / SourceC. purpurea / Phalaenopsisviolacea / 10–15 × 7–12 / This study
C. viridi / P. appendiculata / 18–23 × 9–15 / Tubaki (1950)
C. nigra / P. amboinensis / 6–10 × 5–6.5 / Kobayasi and Hiratsuka (1920)
Table 2
Taxa sequenced in this study.
Anamorph / Locality / Strain no. / DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL accession no.18S / ITS / EF-1α
Chaosiapurpurea / Malaysia / ATCC ##### a / AB ###### / AY ###### / AF ######
C. purpurea / Thailand / CBS ##### / AB ###### / AY ###### / AF ######
C. nigra / Indonesia / JCM ##### / AB ###### / AY ###### / AF ######
Helicogloealagerheimii / Sweden / MAFF #####b / AB ###### / AY ###### / AF ######
Atractiellasolani / Poland / NBRC ##### / AB ###### / AY ###### / AF ######
a Ex-holotype.
b Ex-neotype.
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