PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION STUDIES & BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF PLANT Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd) BELONGING TO FAMILY MENISPERMACEAE.
M. Pharm. Dissertation Protocol Submitted to
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Bangalore – 560041
By
MR. SHIVKUMAR KOTRASHETTI B.Pharm
Under the Guidance of
Mr. S. S. PUROHIT M. Pharm, (Ph.D)
LECTURER,
DEPT. OF PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
SET’s College of Pharmacy,
S. R. Nagar, Dharwad,
Karnataka – 580002.
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
ANNEXURE –II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT DISSERTATION
1. / NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND ADDRESS / MR.SHIVKUMAR KOTRASHETTISET’s COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
S.R.NAGAR,
DHARWAD - 580002.
2. / NAME OF THE INSTITUTION / SET’s COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
S. R. NAGAR,
DHARWAD - 580002.
3. / COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT / MASTER OF PHARMACY IN
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
4. / DATE OF ADMISSION TO THE COURSE / 18/06/2011
5. / TITLE OF THE TOPIC
PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION STUDIES & BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF PLANT Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd) BELONGING TO FAMILY MENISPERMACEAE.
6.0
7.0
8.0 / BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK:
6.1 Need for the study:
A natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism found in nature that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug design. A natural product can be considered as such even if it can be prepared by total synthesis. These small molecules provide the source of inspiration for the majority of FDA-approved agents and continue to be one of the major sources of inspiration for drug discovery. In particular, these compounds are important in the treatment of life- threatening diseases. Natural products may be extracted from tissues of terrestrial plants, marine organisms or microorganism fermentation broths. A crude (untreated) extract from any one of these sources typically contains novel, structurally diverse chemical compounds, which the natural environment is a rich source of. Chemical diversity in nature is based on biological and geographical diversity, so researchers travel around the world obtaining samples to analyze and evaluate in drug discovery screens or bioassays. This effort to search for natural products is known as bioprospecting. Plants have always been a rich source of lead compounds. Many of these lead compounds are useful drugs in themselves and others have been the basis for synthetic drugs. Clinically useful drugs which have been recently isolated from plants include the anticancer agent paclitaxel (Taxol) from the yew tree, and the antimalarial agent artemisinin from Artemisia annua.1 Rutaceae, commonly known as therueorcitrusfamily, is afamilyofflowering plants, usually placed in theorderSapindales.Species of the family generally haveflowersthat divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size fromherbstoshrubsand smalltrees. About 346 various plants belonging to family Rutaceae have been identified & widely used as medicinal agents.2 Tinospora cordifolia, also called Guduchi is an herbaceous vine of the family Menispermaceae indigenous to the tropical areas of India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. The plant is a glabrous climbing shrub found throughout India, typically growing in deciduous and dry forests. The leaves are heart shaped. The succulent bark is creamy white to grey in color, with deep clefts spotted with lenticels. It puts out long, slender aerial roots, often growing on mango or neem trees.3Flowers are yellow, growing in lax racemes from nodes on old wood. Fruits are drupes, turning red when ripe.4 The active adaptogenic constituents are diterpene compounds including tinosporone, tinosporic acid, cordifolisides A to E, syringen, the yellow alkaloid, berberine, Giloin, crude Giloininand, a glucosidal bitter principle as well as polysaccharides, including arabinogalactan polysaccharide (TSP).5,6 Picrotene and bergenin were also found in the plant. The active principles of Tinospora cordifolia, a traditional Indian medicinal plant were found to possess anticomplementary and immunomodulatory activities. Tinospora cordifolia and similar species like Tinospora crispa and Tinospora rumphii Boerl are used in Ayurvedic and Jamu herbal medicine as a hepatoprotectant, protecting the liver from damage that may occur following exposure to toxins, as well as in Thailand, Philippines. Recent research has demonstrated that a combination of T. cordifolia extract and turmeric extract is effective in preventing the hepatotoxicity which is otherwise produced as a side effect of conventional pharmaceutical treatments for tuberculosis using drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin. According to the 1918 United States Dispensatory, the plant has a long history of use in India as a medicine and in the preparation of a starch known as gilae-ka-sat or as palo.7 The stem of Tinospora cordifolia is one of the constituents of several ayurvedic preparations used in general debility, dyspepsia, fever and urinary diseases. The stem is bitter, stomachic, diuretic8, stimulates bile secretion, causes constipation, allays thirst, burning sensation, vomiting, enriches the blood and cures jaundice. The extract of its stem is useful in skin diseases9,10. The root and stem of T. cordifolia are prescribed in combination with other drugs as an anti-dote to snake bite and scorpion sting. 11,12,13 Dry barks of T. cordifolia has anti-spasmodic, antipyretic, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and anti-leprotic properties.Present investigation is planned to have a detailed study of the plant & search for still better phytochemicals present if any based upon the literatures available.
6.2 Review of literature:
Extensive literature survey was carried out in libraries of SET’s College of Pharmacy Dharwad and University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad and by visiting various web sites through internet the relevant data has been collected.
1. Introduction to the plant:
BOTANICAL NAME-Tinospora cordifolia (Willd)
FAMILY-Menispermaceae
Vernacular names:
Kannada- Amrutha balli
English- Tinospora Gulancha
Sanskrit- Guduchi, Amrita, Chinnaruha
Hindi:Giloy,Gurcha
Morphology:
A deciduous, woody climber. The leaves are heart shaped with pointed leaf tip, dark green and borne on a stout leaf stalk. The flowers are unisexual (male and female flowers are separate), small, yellow or greenish yellow. Flowers are borne on nodes of old stem. They appear when the plant is leafless. The fruits are called drupes, which are found in clusters. Fruits look like bunch of red cherries. Each drupe is small and globose. Fruits turn red when ripened. The seeds are crescent shaped.
Phytoconstituents:
A variety of constituents have been isolated from Tinospora cordifolia plant and their structures were elucidated. They belong to different classes such as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics, aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides. Leaves of this plant are rich in protein (11.2%) and are fairly rich in calcium and phosphorus. Studies on the physical characteristic and chemical composition of the starch obtained from Guduchi Satwa (extract) were carried out and the polysaccharide was found to consist chiefly of 1g4 linked glucan with occasionally branched points. Its similarities and differences from amylose were elucidated. An arabinogalactan had been isolated from the dried stems of T. cordifolia. 14
MedicinalUses.
It is acrid, bitter, hot, restorative, aphrodisiac, alleviate of all the three doshas and a good digestive tonic. Antiperiod, alternative, tonic, hepatic stimulant and diuretic. It cures fever, jaundice, thirst, burning sensation, diabetes, piles, skin ailments, respiratory disorders, neurological problems and improves intellect. It is also acts as diuretic, cooling, and its dried fruits are used in cases of spermatorrhoea, phosphaturia, diseases of genito-urinary tract such as dysuria, gonorrhoea, chronic cystitis, calculous affections, urinary disorders, incontinence of urine, gout and impotence also in uterine disorders after parturition. The seeds are strengthening and the ash of plant is good for external application in rheumarthritis.(http://guduchi.com/aboutguduchi.html)
1. Sharma P et.al reporte the Radiation-Induced Testicular Injury and Its Amelioration by Tinospora cordifolia (An Indian Medicinal Plant) Extract. 15
The primary objective of this investigation is to determine the deleterious effects of sub lethal gamma radiation on testes and their possible inhibition by Tinospora cordifolia extract (TCE). For this purpose, one group of male Swiss albino mice was exposed to 7.5Gy gamma radiation to serve as the irradiated control, while the other group received TCE (75 mg/kg b.wt./day) orally for 5 consecutive days half an hr before irradiation to serve as experimental. Exposure of animals to 7.5Gy gamma radiation resulted into significant decrease in body weight, tissue weight, testes- body weight ratio and tubular diameter up to 15 days of irradiation. Cent percent mortality was recorded by day 17th in irradiated control, whereas all animals survived in experimental group. TCE pretreatment rendered significant increase in body weight, tissue weight, testes- body weight ratio and tubular diameter at various intervals as compared to irradiated group. Radiation induced histological lesions in testicular architecture were observed more severe in irradiated control then the experimental. TCE administration before irradiation significantly ameliorated radiation induced elevation in lipid peroxidation and decline in glutathione concentration in testes. These observations indicate the radioprotective potential of Tinospora cordifolia root extract in testicular constituents against gamma irradiation in mice.
2. Mahuya Sengupta et.al., reported the Effect of aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia on functions of peritoneal macrophages isolated from CCl4 intoxicated male albino mice,16
3. Vaibhav D. Aher et.al., reported the Pharmacological study of Tinospora Cordifolia as an immunomodulator.17
Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic agents, which by modifying the immune system affect a therapeutic benefit. They may have ability to augments (immune stimulant and /or immune enhancer), restore (immune restorative), inhibit (immune supressant) or help to produce (adjuvant) the desired immune response. The present work described that Tinospora cordifolia alcoholic extract shows immunomodulator activity. The various parameters determined were Delayed Type Hypersentivity (DTH), effect on the bone marrow cellularity and α‐esterase cells and zinc sulphate turbidity test. Orally administration of T. cordifolia alcoholic extract (100 mg/kg, p. o) was found to increases in the there was distinct increase in foot pad thickness after treatment with T. cordifolia alcoholic extracts which indicates immunomodulatory effects of T. cordifolia as compared to vehicle and cyclophosphamide treated groups. Also significant increase in the WBC counts and bone marrow cells significantly indicating stimulatory effect on haeomopoetic system. In zinc sulphate turbidity test T. cordifolia treated rats serum showed the more turbidity (cloudy) which indicate the increase in the immunoglobulin level as compared to vehicle, SRBC sensitized and cyclophosphamide treated group. Finally it can be concluded that Tinoposra cordifolia (stem) mango plant climber shows potent immunomodulatory action.
4. Nasreen S et.al., reported the assessment of quality of Tinospora cordifolia (willd.) miers. (menispermaceae): pharmacognostical and phyto - physicochemical profile, 18
Pharmacognostical standardization of dried, matured pieces of stem of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers., (Menispermaceae) has been carried out in the present study. The study includes macroscopical and microscopical evaluation along with estimation of its physicochemical parameters such as ash and extractive values and preliminary phytochemical screening. It also includes quantification of some of the active constituents like terpenoids and alkaloids. The present study reveals standardization profile for drug like Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.), which would be of immense value in botanical identification and authentication of plant drug and may help us in preventing its adulteration.
5. Nagaraja Puranik K et.al., reported the Efficacy of Tinospora Cordifolia (Willd.) extracts on blood lipid profile in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Is it beneficial to the heart?, 19
Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) stem extracts (both aqueous and alcoholic) in differ-ent dosages (200 and 400 mg/ kg b.w) on blood lipid profile in streptozotocin induced dia-betic albino rats was investigated in this study. The drug was administered orally for 10 days in 24 rats of 4 different groups treated with Tinospora cordifolia. Similarly, in another group of study consisting of 24 rats, the drug was administered orally for 30 days. Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia in ameliorating the metabolic derangements in lipid metabolism caused by diabetes was compared with the Lante Zinc Insulin (6 Units / kg b.w. daily. i.p.) treated diabetic rats. Plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids and lipoproteins like high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein -cholesterol levels were measured according to the standard biochemical meth-ods. Drug treated diabetic animals showed a significant (p< 0.05) effect of Tinospora cordifo-lia on all these parameters compared to untreated animals. Treatment with insulin restored all these altered parameters to near normal levels in diabetic animals. Our results indicated that Tinospora cordifolia stem extract is able to ameliorate the derangements in lipid me-tabolism caused by diabetes mellitus in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats towards normal level. Hence, this study may reveal the usefulness and beneficial value of herbal drug Tino-spora cordifolia in treating hyperlipidemia.
6. Invitro antibacterial activity of methanolic root extract of Tinospora Cordifolia (willd), 20
The antibacterial activities of the hot and cold methanol extracts of the roots of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers was evaluated on bacterial strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The in vitro antibacterial activity of hot and cold methanol extracts was performed by cup plate agar diffusion method using ciprofloxacin (ciprozol-500) in dimethyl sulphoxide as a standard drug for the comparision of antibacterial activity. From the experiment done the hot methanol extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers did produce considerable antibacterial activity than the cold maceration extract was observed. The maximum antibacterial activity of hot and cold methanol extracts was exhibited against Staphylococcus aureus when compared with standard drug. In addition the preliminary phytochemical tests of the hot and cold methanol extracts of Tinospora cordifolia roots revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, lignin, saponins, terpenes, tannins, steroids and reducing sugar. The results obtained suggest that Tinospora cordifolia roots can be used in treating diseases caused by the test organisms.
7. Quantitative Determination of Protoberberine Alkaloids in Tinospora cordifolia by RP-LC-DAD.21
Tinospora cordifolia, known as Guduchi in Ayurveda, is a medicinal plant popular mainly for immunomodulatory activity. Its therapeutic activity may be attributed to protoberberine alkaloids such as jatrorrhizine, palmatine and berberine. A new, simple RP-LC-DAD method has been developed for separation, simultaneous identification and quantitative estimation of these protoberberine alkaloids in T. cordifolia extracts and formulations. The developed method was validated based on ICH-Q2B guidelines and was found to be accurate, precise and linear over a relatively wide range of concentrations (0.65–83.33 lg mL-1). This method can serve as a useful quality control tool for T. cordifolia and its formulations.