Name PeriodDate___

Physical Science E.O.C.T. Study Guide

Introduction to science (Chapter 1)

  1. What is a series of logical steps that is followed in order to solve a problem?______
  2. What is the first step in the scientific method?______
  3. How do scientists test a hypothesis?______
  4. What is the SI unit for measuring temperature? Time? Length? Mass?______

______

  1. What SI prefix means one thousand (1000)? One-hundredth (1/100)? One-thousandth (1/1000)? ______

______

  1. Convert 234 cm into meters. ______
  2. Convert 5kg into grams. ______
  3. What is a factor that can change in an experiment? ______
  4. What is a possible answer to a scientific problem? ______
  5. Chemistry and physics are two branches of ______science.
  6. What are combinations of base units (such as volume, speed, and pressure) called? ______

Forces and Motion (Chapters 11-12)

  1. When forces are balanced, what happens to the motion of the object? ______
  2. What does the weight of an object vary with? ______
  3. Newton’s third law of motion describes why forces act in ______.
  4. Distance traveled by an object divided by the time it takes to travel that distance is called average ______
  5. The difference between speed and velocity is that velocity includes ______.
  6. When an object is standing still, which values are zero? speed, velocity, momentum? ______
  7. Acceleration is defined as the change in velocity divided by ______
  8. What is the combination of all forces acting on an object? ______
  9. A tug-of-war that results in one team pulling the other across the line is an example of ______forces.
  10. What is the force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching? ______
  11. When two objects are moved further apart from each other, the force of gravity ______.
  12. What law states that every object maintains constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced force? __

______

  1. What law states that the unbalanced force acting on an object equals the object’s mass times its ______acceleration? ______
  2. Write the formula to calculate speed. Determine the speed of an object that covers 200 km in 5 hours.

______

  1. Write the formula to calculate acceleration. What is the acceleration of an object that takes 10 sec to change from a speed of 200 m/sec to 300 m/sec? What is the unit for acceleration? ______
  2. An object traveling at a constant 20 m/sec in a circular path is changing its: speed, velocity, weight, or mass? ______
  3. Near the surface of the Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/sec2. After falling for 3 sec, an object would have a velocity of ______m/sec.
  4. What is the tendency of matter to resist any change in motion? ______
  5. Force equals mass times ______.

Work, machines, power, energy (Chapter 14)

  1. What is a force exerted over a distance to move an object? ______
  2. Define compound machine and give some examples. ______
  3. The joule is used to measure ______and ______.
  4. Mechanical energy is associated with ______.
  5. What type of energy is associated with the motion of electric charges? ______
  6. What type of energy is associated with the internal motion of particles of matter? ______
  7. What type of energy is energy that bonds atoms or ions together? ______
  8. What is the unit for force? ______
  9. Power equals work divided by ______.

Page-2

  1. An object’s kinetic energy varies with its ______and ______.
  2. A brake system on a car is an example of a(n): lever, inclined plane, hydraulic device or simple machine.
  3. Write the formula to calculate work. A man pushes a crate with a force of 50 N and it moves a distance of 2 m. How much work does he perform? ______
  4. Write the formula to calculate power. A man lifts a 10 N weight 2 meters over his head in 4 seconds, what is his power? ______
  5. What is the mechanical advantage of a ramp that is 10 meters long and 5 meters high? ______
  6. Where is the fulcrum located in a first-class lever? ______
  7. What is the mechanical advantage of a single fixed pulley? ______
  8. What is the mechanical advantage of a single movable pulley? ______
  9. Name the simple machines in the inclined plane family. ______
  10. Write the formula to calculate gravitational potential energy. Calculate the gravitational potential energy of a 50 kg box that is 2 m above the ground. ______
  11. What three things does gravitational potential energy depend on? ______
  12. Write the formula to calculate kinetic energy. Calculate the kinetic energy of a 2 kg ball that is thrown with a speed of 3 m/s. ______
  13. State the law of conservation of energy. ______
  14. What is a quantity that measures how much a machine multiples force or distance? ______
  15. What is the unit for power? ______
  16. ______is the energy of a moving object due to its motion.
  17. The energy of position is called ______energy.
  18. All levers have a rigid arm that turns around a point called the ______.
  19. Three children exhaust themselves trying to push a large rock that doesn’t budge. Have they done any work? Explain. ______

Energy (Chapters 15-16)

  1. Write the formula to convert oC into K. What is 50 oC in K? ______
  2. Define insulator and list some examples. ______
  3. Define conductor and list some examples. ______
  4. Temperature is a measure of average ______.
  5. What is the transfer of energy by the movement of fluids or gases with different temperatures? ______
  6. A cold-blooded reptile basks on a warm rock. What two forms of energy transfer are warming the reptile?

______, ______

  1. What is the energy transfer of heat between particles as they collide or between two objects in contact?

______

  1. What is the Bose-Einstein condensate? ______Temp.?______
  • What happens?.______
  1. Radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet rays, and X rays are all forms of ______.

Waves (Chapter 17)

  1. Name 3 types of mechanical waves. ______
  2. What type of wave can be transmitted through a vacuum? ______
  3. What is a wave in which particles move at right angles (perpendicularly) to the direction of a wave?______
  4. What is the number of complete wave cycles per unit time? ______
  5. What does frequency times wavelength equal? ______
  6. The apparent breaking in two of a pencil that is placed in water is due to ______.
  7. You can hear a sound produced out of sight around a corner because of ______.
  8. What is the maximum displacement of molecules in a medium from their rest position?______
  9. Write the formula to calculate wave speed. Calculate the speed of a wave with a wavelength of 2 m and a frequency of 8 waves/sec. ______
  10. Which does not require a physical medium to travel through: light or sound? ______
  11. Are sound waves longitudinal or transverse? ______
  12. Are light waves longitudinal or transverse? ______
  13. What is the lowest point of a transverse wave? ______
  14. What is the bouncing back of a wave as it meets a surface boundary? ______
  15. What is the bending of a wave as it passes an edge or opening? ______

Page-3

  1. ______occurs when two waves exist in the same place at the same time.
  2. What is the bending of waves as they pass from one medium to another? ______
  3. What is the distance between two consecutive crests of a wave?______
  4. What is the change in the pitch of a sound due to the motion of the source or observer? ______

Sound, Light and Optics (Chapters 17-19)

  1. Name three things that the speed of sound depends on. ______
  2. What are waves with frequencies slightly higher than those of visible light? ______
  3. What are waves with frequencies slightly lower than those of visible light? ______
  4. The stirrup, hammer, and anvil are the three small bones in the ______ear.
  5. What type of lens causes light to converge? ______
  6. Sounds with frequencies above 20,000 Hz are called ______
  7. A concave mirror has a surface that curves ______.
  8. A convex mirror has a surface that curves ______.
  9. What does the loudness of a sound depend on? ______
  10. Light passing into the eye is made to converge on the ______.
  11. What does pitch of a sound depend on? ______
  12. The color of light is determined by the ______of the light waves.
  13. What is the effect in which the vibration of one object causes another object to vibrate at natural frequencies? ______
  14. How does a sonar system measure distance? ______
  15. What type of electromagnetic radiation is used to kill cancer cells? ______
  16. State the law of reflection. ______
  17. What is a virtual image? ______
  18. Why does a red rose look red? ______
  19. What is a virtual image caused by the reflection of light in the atmosphere? ______
  20. What is the effect in which white light separates into different colors? ______
  21. Which of the following is used to reflect light: lens, prism, mirror or fluorescent tube? ______
  22. What electromagnetic waves have the highest energy and shortest wavelengths? ______
  23. What kinds of waves are used in communication, radar and for cooking? ______
  24. The decibel is a unit of ______.
  25. Light is made up of a stream of energy packets called ______.
  26. What are the 3 primary colors of light? ______

Electricity (Chapter 20)

  1. What is an electrical charge? ______
  2. Like charges do what? ______Different charges? ______
  3. What is static electricity? ______
  • 3 ways it can transfer? ______, ______, ______
  1. What is a static discharge? ______
  2. What is alternating current (AC)? ______
  3. What is direct current (DC)? ______
  4. What is resistance? ______Unit? ______
  5. What is potential difference? ______
  6. What is the formula for Ohm’s Law?
  1. Using the formula above, what is the voltage when the current is 4.0 amps and the resistance is 3.0 ohms?
  2. What is a superconductor? ______
  3. What is a circuit breaker? ______
  4. What is grounding? ______
  5. What can a vacuum tube do? ______
  6. What is an analog signal? ______
  7. What is a digital signal? ______
  8. What is a transistor? ______
  9. What is a diode? ______
  10. What is a n-type semiconductor? ______

Page-4

  1. What is a p-type semiconductor? ______
  2. What is an integrated circuit? ______
  3. What is a series circuit? ______If bulb goes out? ______

Draw one.

  1. What is a parallel circuit? ______If bulb goes out? ______

Draw one

  1. What is the formula for electric power?
  1. Using the formula above, an electric oven is connected to a 240 volt line, and uses 34 amps of current. What is the power used by the oven?

Magnetism (Chapter 21)

  1. Where is a magnetic field the strongest? ______
  2. Opposite charges ______Like charges ______
  3. What is the magnetosphere? ______
  4. Moving electric charges create what? ______
  5. What is a solenoid? ______
  6. What do you need to make an electromagnet? ______
  7. What is a galvanometer? ______
  8. How can you make an electric motor? ______
  9. How can you make a generator? ______
  10. What is a transformer? ______
  • How does a step up transformer work? ______
  • How does a step down transformer work? ______

States of matter (Chapter 3)

  1. What are the 5 states of matter? ______, ______

______, ______, ______

  1. A material is changing from solid to liquid?______Gas to solid? ______
  2. From liquid to solid?______From solid to gas? ______
  3. From gas to liquid? ______From liquid to gas? ______
  4. What 2 factors affect the pressure of an enclosed gas? ______, ______
  5. What happens to pressure if you lower temperature? ______Raise it? ______
  • If you increase volume? ______If you decrease volume? ______
  1. What has a definite shape and a definite volume? ______
  2. What has a definite volume but no definite shape? ______
  3. What has no definite volume or definite shape?______
  4. Is a phase change a physical or chemical change? ______
  5. During freezing, do the molecules become more or less orderly? ______In melting?______
  6. In what phase is the force of attraction between molecules the strongest? ______Weakest? ___
  7. A gas has a volume of 4.0 L at a pressure of 40 kPa. What happens to the volume when the
    pressure is increased to 110 kPa? The temperature does not change. ______

Atomic Structure (Chapter 4)

  1. Proton’s charge? ______Mass? ______Location? ______
  2. Electron’s charge? ______Mass? ______Location? ______
  3. Neutron’s charge? ______Mass? ______Location? ______
  4. What is an element? ______
  5. How do you write 0.000056 in scientific notation? ______
  6. How many electrons will fit into the 1st energy level? _____2nd one? _____ 3rd one? ______4th one? ____
  7. Energy levels are divided to regions called? ______

Page 5

  1. How many electrons can fit into one orbital? ______
  2. The levels further away from the nucleus have what kind of energy level? ______
  3. Is the higher energy level more or less stable? ______
  4. When do electrons emit light? ______
  5. Boron has an atomic number of 5 and a mass number of 11.
  • How many protons? ______How many electrons? ______How many neutrons? ______

Periodic Table (Chapter 5)

  1. What are 3 properties of metals? ______, ______, ______
  2. What are 3 properties of non-metals? ______, ______, ______
  3. What group are Alkali metals? ______What group is halogens?______
  4. What group arenoble gases? ______Alkaline earth metals? ______
  5. Whereare transition metals? ______Non-metals? ______
  6. Is a “group” in the periodic table more reactive near the top or bottom? ______
  7. How do the element properties repeat in the table? ______
  8. How can you tell the number of valence electrons when looking at an element in the periodic table? ______
  9. What is the unit used to measure the mass of subatomic particles? ______
  10. Which way do period run in the periodic table? ______
  11. Which way do groups run in the periodic table? ______
  12. What are 3 characteristics of metalloids like silicon? ______,
  13. ______, ______

Chemical bonds (Chapter 6)

  1. What is an atom called that has lost or gained electrons? ______
  2. Draw the Lewis dot diagrams for potassium and bromine.
  1. What is an anion? ______What is a cation? ______
  2. For the substance LiCl fill in the following information: Its name? ______
  • How many elements make it up? ______
  • Is it a molecular compound? ______Why? ______
  • What is the ratio of elements? ______
  • How is it bonded together? ______
  1. For the substance H2O fill in the following information: Its name? ______
  • How many elements make it up? ______
  • Is it a molecular compound? ______
  • What is the ratio of elements? ______
  • How is it bonded together? ______
  1. What happens in a covalent bond? ______
  2. What happens in a ionic bond? ______
  3. Why are metals like copper malleable and ductile? ______
  4. What is an alloy? ______
  5. What does the II in copper II mean? ______
  6. What is a metallic bond? ______
  7. Why are noble gases noble? ______
  8. What happens in a polar covalent bond? ______

Chemical reactions (Chapter 7)

  1. Balance the following equations: ____P4 + ____O2  ____P2O5
  • What are the product(s) of this reaction? ______
  • What are the reactant(s) of this reaction? ______
  1. What does the term endothermic mean? ______
  2. What does the term exothermic mean? ______
  3. How many molecules of a substance are in a mole? ______
  4. How many grams of carbon does it take to make one mole? ______
  5. How many grams are in 1 mole of CO2? ______

Page-6

  1. How many grams are in 3 moles of CO2? ______
  2. What is the general equation for synthesis? ______
  • For decomposition reaction? ______
  • For a single replacement reaction? ______
  • For a double replacement reaction? ______
  • What is an equation with O2 as a reactant? ______
  1. How do you know an equation is in equilibrium? ______
  2. What happens during a reduction-oxidation reaction? ______

Solutions, Acids and Bases (Chapter 8)

  1. What is a solvent? ______Solute? ______
  2. What is solubility? ______
  3. What is a saturated solution? ______
  4. What is a super saturated solution? ______
  5. What is molarity? ______

Page 6

  1. What is an acid? ______How taste?______
  2. What is a base? ______How taste?______Feel? ______
  3. What is an indicator? ______
  4. Where do salts come from? ______
  5. What is pH scale? ______Runs from______to ______
  6. Which end is acid? ______Which end is base? ______Neutral? ______
  7. What is an electrolyte? ______

Radioactivity (Chapter 10)

  1. What is nuclear decay? ______
  2. Alpha decay? ______Beta decay? ______Gamma decay? ______
  3. Which type is the most penetrating? ______
  4. Where does background radiation come from? ______
  5. How can radiation be detected? ______
  6. What is half-life? ______
  7. How is it used to date things? ______
  8. Which one is used to date human artifacts? ______Age of Earth? ______
  9. What is fission? ______Example? ______
  10. What is fusion? ______Example? ______
  11. Which one is being used now to produce energy? ______