PSYCHOLOGY
SECTION I
Time - 35 minutes
35 Questions
Percent of total score - 66 2/3
Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet.
1. / Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of:A) / delta waves.
B) / alpha waves.
C) / sleep spindles.
D) / rapid eye movements.
2. / False sensory experiences that occur in the absence of appropriate sensory stimulation are called:
A) / night terrors.
B) / dreams.
C) / psychedelics.
D) / dissociations.
E) / hallucinations.
3. / Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is:
A) / dreaming.
B) / entering the third stage of sleep.
C) / ready to sleepwalk.
D) / exhibiting a sleep spindle.
E) / experiencing a night terror.
4. / Mr. Oates always sleeps restlessly, snorting and gasping throughout the night. It is most likely that Mr. Oates suffers from:
A) / sleep apnea.
B) / narcolepsy.
C) / night terror.
D) / insomnia.
5. / Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car to prevent him from driving off the edge of a cliff. Greg's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's frantic efforts to save the couple from sexual disaster. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ______of Greg's dream.
A) / REM content
B) / circadian rhythm
C) / latent content
D) / manifest content
6. / A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called:
A) / narcolepsy.
B) / dissociation.
C) / paradoxical sleep.
D) / posthypnotic amnesia.
7. / THC, the active ingredient in ______, is classified as a ______.
A) / marijuana; hallucinogen
B) / marijuana; stimulant
C) / cocaine; stimulant
D) / cocaine; hallucinogen
E) / heroin; depressant
8. / Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
A) / observational learning
B) / classical conditioning
C) / the overjustification effect
D) / operant conditioning
E) / latent learning
9. / In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n):
A) / conditioned response.
B) / unconditioned stimulus.
C) / unconditioned response.
D) / conditioned stimulus.
10. / Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone:
A) / spontaneous recovery.
B) / extinction.
C) / generalization.
D) / discrimination.
11. / After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of:
A) / secondary reinforcement.
B) / generalization.
C) / shaping.
D) / latent learning.
E) / spontaneous recovery.
12. / In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?
A) / observational learning
B) / classical conditioning
C) / operant conditioning
D) / latent learning
13. / Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of:
A) / latent learning.
B) / modeling.
C) / delayed reinforcement.
D) / spontaneous recovery.
E) / shaping.
14. / Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ______is to ______.
A) / positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
B) / primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
C) / immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer
D) / reinforcement; punishment
E) / partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
15. / Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ______schedule.
A) / fixed-interval
B) / variable-interval
C) / fixed-ratio
D) / variable-ratio
16. / If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates:
A) / shaping.
B) / latent learning.
C) / delayed reinforcement.
D) / spontaneous recovery.
E) / modeling.
17. / The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves:
A) / latent learning.
B) / extrinsic motivation.
C) / partial reinforcement.
D) / delayedreinforcers.
18. / In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of:
A) / negative reinforcement.
B) / operant conditioning.
C) / respondent behavior.
D) / observational learning.
E) / spontaneous recovery.
19. / The process of encoding refers to:
A) / the persistence of learning over time.
B) / the recall of information previously learned.
C) / getting information into memory.
D) / the motivated forgetting of painful memories.
E) / a clear memory of an emotionally significant event.
20. / Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ______memory.
A) / short-term
B) / implicit
C) / mood-congruent
D) / explicit
E) / automatic
21. / A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ______memory.
A) / iconic
B) / implicit
C) / short-term
D) / state-dependent
E) / long-term
22. / The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ______effect.
A) / serial position
B) / misinformation
C) / next-in-line
D) / priming
E) / spacing
23. / Cerebellum is to ______memory as hippocampus is to ______memory.
A) / short-term; long-term
B) / long-term; short-term
C) / implicit; explicit
D) / explicit; implicit
E) / iconic; echoic
24. / Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates:
A) / retroactive interference.
B) / the next-in-line effect.
C) / source amnesia.
D) / proactive interference.
E) / repression.
25. / A type of motivated forgetting in which painful memories are blocked from conscious awareness is:
A) / retroactive interference.
B) / proactive interference.
C) / the spacing effect.
D) / repression.
E) / priming.
26. / Which psychological specialty is most directly concerned with the systematic study of problem solving, decision making, concept formation, and forming judgments?
A) / developmental psychology
B) / social psychology
C) / clinical psychology
D) / cognitive psychology
E) / personality psychology
27. / Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her ______of a fish.
A) / mental set
B) / heuristic
C) / algorithm
D) / prototype
28. / An algorithm is a:
A) / simple strategy for solving problems quickly and efficiently.
B) / method of hypothesis testing involving trial and error.
C) / best example of a particular category.
D) / methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.
29. / Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates:
A) / the availability heuristic.
B) / confirmation bias.
C) / functional fixedness.
D) / the representativeness heuristic.
E) / the framing effect.
30. / Marlene forgot to bring a pillow on the camping trip, so she spent a very uncomfortable and restless night. Unfortunately, she never thought of using her down-filled jacket as a pillow. Marlene's oversight best illustrates:
A) / confirmation bias.
B) / belief perseverance.
C) / functional fixedness.
D) / the availability heuristic.
E) / overconfidence.
31. / The indelible memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of:
A) / functional fixedness.
B) / the representativeness heuristic.
C) / the availability heuristic.
D) / confirmation bias.
E) / framing.
32. / The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a:
A) / prototype.
B) / phenotype.
C) / morpheme.
D) / phoneme.
33. / Morphemes are:
A) / the smallest speech units that carry meaning.
B) / the best examples of particular categories of objects.
C) / the smallest distinctive sound units of a language.
D) / rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences.
34. / The earliest stage of speech development is called the ______stage.
A) / babbling
B) / telegraphic speech
C) / oneword
D) / grammatical
E) / semantic
35. / What should students do if they wish to be successful in AP psychology class and pass the exam in May?
A) / Pay attention in class
B) / Read their textbook using the SQ3R Method
C) / Learn how to define and apply the vocabulary words in the "Terms and Concepts to Remember" section of their textbook
D) / Review the Trippy Text and Fight-the-Power Points on appsychology.com and view the Discovering Psychology videos on learner.org
E) / All of the above!
Answer Key
1. / B2. / E
3. / A
4. / A
5. / C
6. / B
7. / A
8. / B
9. / A
10. / B
11. / B
12. / C
13. / E
14. / A
15. / D
16. / B
17. / B
18. / D
19. / C
20. / A
21. / E
22. / A
23. / C
24. / D
25. / D
26. / D
27. / D
28. / D
29. / B
30. / C
31. / C
32. / D
33. / A
34. / A
35. / E