Notes 7-1: Life is Cellular

Vocabulary:

–Cell–Cell theory–Cell membrane–Cell wall

–Nucleus–Cytoplasm–Prokaryote–Eukaryote

–Organelle

Cell Theory

Like all living things, people (YOU) are ______

•In the 1600’s, a scientist named ______first observed cells under a microscope

The cell theory states:

1______are composed of cells

2.Cells are the ______of structure and function in living things

3.New cells are ______existing cells

All Cells have:

–______

–______

Cell Membrane:

A ______around the cell that lets certain things ______of the cell

Cytoplasm:

______but not including the nucleus

Biologists divide cells into two categories:

______and ______

Eukaryotes have a ______, Prokaryotes do NOT.

Notes 7.2: Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function

Eukaryotes have a …

•Chromatin•Chromosome•Nucleolus•Nuclear envelope

•Cytoskeleton•Microtubule•Microfilament

•Endoplasmic Reticulum •Golgi Apparatus•Lysosome•Vacuole•Chloroplast

•Mitochondrion•Ribosome

CELL WALL

Found in some cells, including ______, algae, fungi, and nearly all prokaryotes (NOT ______)

Surrounds the ______(allows water and gases to pass through)

Provides ______for the cell

Nucleus (pl. Nuclei)

Large structure that contains the ______(DNA) and controls the cell’s activities

DNA contains the instructions for making ______

NUCLEOLUS:

•Dense region inside most nuclei

•Building of ______(ribosome assembly) begins here

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE:

Double-membrane layer which ______

Thousands of pores allow material into and out of the nucleus

CYTOSKELETON:

• “Cyto” = ______

• Skeleton= what does your skeleton do? ______

•Helps ______the cell

•Has proteins in it that help the cell maintain its shape

•The cytoskeleton is involved in ______too!

RIBOSOMES are made of ______& protein

•______are assembled (made) here

•Instructions on how to make the specific protein come from the DNA

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM:

•Some proteins are ______a little

•Parts of the cell membrane are made here

ROUGH ER:ribosomes on the ER make proteins & these new proteins move into the ER where they may be ______

SMOOTH ER: no ______; constructs lipids for cell membranes

GOLGI:

•Proteins produced by Rough ER and ribosomes move into the Golgi

•Enzymes attach ______to the proteins

•These proteins are then sent to their ______

LYSOSOMES:

Filled with ______: break down carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins for use by cell

VACUOLE:

______materials like water, salts, proteins, & carbo’s for the cell

CHLOROPLAST (PLANTS ONLY)

•Use energy from the sun to make ______(photosynthesis)

MITOCHONDRIA

•Break down glucose to make higher ______

Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have ______

Unlike other organelles, chloroplasts & mitochondria have their own ______

In humans, all of our mitochondrial DNA comes from the egg, our ______!

Hypothesis (Lynn Margulis): descendants of ______formed relationships with eukaryotic cells that benefited both cells; over time, DNA in cell nucleus took over