Name: ______Biology Midterm Review PacketMrs. Olmo

Chapter 1- Life

  1. What is the total magnification of an organism viewed on high power?
  2. 4X c. 40X
  3. 10X d. 400X
  1. What part of the microscope controls the amount of light that is shown onto the specimen?
  2. Diaphragmc. Fine Adjustment
  3. Coarse Adjustmentd. Revolving Nose Piece
  1. What part of the microscope moves the stage up and down?
  2. Fine adjustmentc. High Power Objective
  3. Revolving nose pieced. Course Adjustment
  1. A student in Mrs. Olmo’s biology class made the following observations during lab. Which observation is qualitative?
  2. The bread had three mold colonies growing on it.c. The bread was 7 inches wide.
  3. The bread was soaked with water.d. One piece of bread was put in a ziplock bag.
  1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of all living things?
  2. movementc. reproduction
  3. growthd. homeostasis
  1. Through the process of homeostasis, organisms are able to:
  2. pass genetic information generation to generation.c. keep internal conditions stable.
  3. develop sensitivity to environmental stimulid. take in nutrients into their cells.
  1. The theory of extraterrestrial origin states that asteroids carried which molecules?
  2. Bacteriac. Lipids
  3. Nucleic acidsd. Amino acids
  1. Scientists hypothesize that carbon, hydrogen, phosphorous, oxygen, sulfur and which element were present in the Earth’s early atmosphere:
  2. nitrogenc. magnesium
  3. calciumd. iron
  1. Approximately how many years ago do scientists hypothesize life originated?
  2. 2 millionc. 3.5 billion
  3. 75 milliond. 18 billion
  1. The picture to the right represents an organic molecule. In this organic molecule, whichelement is identified by each X?
  1. carbonc. sodium
  2. iron d. phosphorous
  1. All of the following are examples of stimuli except:
  2. air movementc. growth
  3. temperatured. light
  1. Approximately how long ago was the Earth formed?
  2. 10 million years agoc. 75 million years ago
  3. 4.5 billion years agod. 100 billion years ago
  1. A scientist is analyzing a sample of tissue from a living plant. Which of the following elements will be most abundant in the sample?
  2. zinc and copper c. sodium and chlorine
  3. carbon and hydrogen d. magnesium and calcium
  1. If scientists search other planets for possible life, they are likely to focus on the presence of molecules containing which of the following elements?
  2. Carbonc. Potassium
  3. Iron d. Sodium

Chapter 6 – Macromolecules / Biochemistry

  1. What is the main role of carbohydrates in the body?
  2. Give structure to cellsc. Provide energy to cells
  3. Store energyd. Breakdown fats
  1. Which category of macromolecule is very important for energy storage?
  2. Lipidsc. Carbohydrates
  3. Proteinsd. Nucleic Acids
  4. What is the basic subunit of carbohydrates?
  5. Proteinsc. Fatty Acids
  6. Amino Acidsd. Glucose
  1. All of the following are examples of lipids except:
  1. cholesterolc. insulin
  2. estrogend. wax
  1. What is the main function of enzymes in chemical reactions?
  2. lower activation energyc. slow the speed of the chemical reaction
  3. raise activation energyd. breakdown reactants
  1. Polymers are held together by which type of bond?
  2. Ionic bondc. Hydrogen bond
  3. Salt bondd. Covalent bond
  1. Hemoglobin is a red blood cell protein. It is important as it carries which element through the blood stream?
  2. carbonc. nitrogen
  3. oxygend. hydrogen
  1. What is the subunit of (part that makes up) lipids?
  2. Glucosec. Fatty Acids
  3. Nucleic Acidsd. Amino Acids
  1. Long chains of amino acids bond together to form which macromolecule?
  1. nucleic acidsc. carbohydrates
  2. lipidsd. proteins
  1. Which type of macromolecule is needed to produce enzymes?
  2. Lipidsc. Proteins
  3. Nucleic Acidsd. Carbohydrates
  1. Lipids are soluble in:
  2. waterc. salt water
  3. oil d. all of the above
  1. What is the subunit of (part that makes up) carbohydrates?
  2. Glucose / Sugarsc. Fatty Acids
  3. Amino Acidsd. Proteins
  1. All of the following are examples of lipids except:
  1. cholesterolc. hemoglobin
  2. estrogend. wax
  1. Which of the following is an example of an enzyme?
  2. estrogenc. glucose
  3. cholesterold. amalyase
  1. Which substance below are humans unable to digest?
  2. Trans Fatsc Glycogen
  3. Fiberd. Glucose
  1. How many calories does it take to burn off / lose one pound fat?
  2. 1000c. 3500
  3. 2500d. 4000
  1. Many plants have waxy coatings on some surfaces. This coating reduces water loss because it is not water-permeable. This waxy coating is which of the following types of organic molecule?
  1. Lipidsc. Nucleic Acids
  2. Proteinsd. Carbohydrates
  1. Many land plants store energy in starch. When energy is needed, the starch molecules can be broken down quickly. This chemical reaction produces which of the following?
  2. Lipidsc. Amino acids
  3. Monosaccharidesd. RNA
  1. The picture to the right represents an organic molecule. In this organic molecule, which element is identified by each X?
  1. sodiumc. carbon
  2. iron d. phosphorous
  1. In red blood cells, the compound carbonic anhydrase increases the rate at which carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate ions for transport in the blood. In red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase acts as which of the following?
  1. a lipidc. a sugar
  2. a hormoned. an enzyme
  1. The diagram to the right represents a fat molecule. A fat molecule belongs to which category of organic molecules?
  1. Lipidsc. Proteins
  2. Carbohydratesd. Nucleic Acids

B. Completion: Write the word that correctly completes the sentence from the word bank on your answer sheet.

Elements are made up of ______. When two or more elements combine, a ______ is formed. The force that holds these elements together is called a chemical ______. When these are broken, energy is ______. The amount of energy in food is listed on the nutrition label as ______ which provide us with the ability to perform all our bodily functions.

There are four types of macromolecules in our body. Proteins have many functions including the production of ______that help to speed up chemical reactions in the body. ______ are the easiest macromolecule to breakdown and get energy out of. Athletes eat ______carbohydrates before a long run or game as they provide longer amounts of energy since they are harder to digest. Another type of macromolecule, called ______store energy in their bonds and are the most difficult to break down. The last category of macromolecule are ______acids. This group is essential because they store ______information in all our cells.

WORD BANK

Calories Nucleic Genetic ReleasedEnzymes Carbohydrates Atoms Bond Energy Lipids Complex

C. Matching – Write the letter of the vocabulary term with the correct definition on your answer sheet.

TermsDefinitions

32. InsulinA. Contains carbon.

33. SolubleB. Worst type of fat, found in fried foods, linked to heart disease

34. EnzymeC. Able to dissolve

35. Unsaturated FatD. Suffix indicating substance is a sugar (carbohydrate)

36. Activation EnergyE. Hormone that breaks down glucose

37. “-ose”F. Amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

38. “-ase”G. Type of lipid; Liquid at room temperature

39. Trans FatH. Suffix indicating substance is an enzyme

40. OrganicI. Speeds up the rates of chemical reactions

Chapter 7.1 & 7.3 - Cells

1.The structure that controls what enters and leaves the cell is called the:

  1. nucleusc. cytoplasm
  2. nuclear membraned. Plasma (cell) membrane

2.All living things are made up of small units called:

  1. cellsc. vacuoles
  2. oxygend. mitochondria

3.A cell has a defect that results in the loss of its ability to regulate the passage of food, water and waste into and out of the cell. In which of the following cell structures is this defect most likely to be located?

  1. Ribosomesc. Plasma (Cell) Membrane
  2. Chloroplastsd. Endoplasmic Reticulum

4.Which of the following statements correctly matches a cell part with its function?

  1. The nucleus produces energy.c. The cell membrane packages lipids for export.
  2. The mitochondria perform photosynthesis.d. The lysosome digests molecules.

5.Some cells, such as human nerve and muscle cells, contain many more mitochondria than do other cells, such as skin cells. Why do some cells have more mitochondria than others?

  1. The cells use more energy.c. The cells store more nutrients.
  2. The cells breakdown more proteins. d. The cells divide more frequently.

6.Proteins are modified and packaged in which cell part?

  1. nucleusc. golgi apparatus
  2. mitochondriad. vacuole

7.The organelle in plant cells that enables (allows) them to photosynthesize are:

  1. Vacuolec. Centriole.
  2. Mitochondria.d. Chloroplast.

8.In which of the choices below would you expect to find a cell wall?

  1. cell from an carrotc. liver cell from a mouse
  2. blood celld. human skin cell

9.Which organelle is found ONLY in animal cells?

  1. golgi apparatusc. mitochondria
  2. lysosomed. ribosome

10.How are chloroplasts like mitochondria?

  1. They are both essential in the production of energy.c. Each organelle uses energy from the sun to make glucose.
  2. They both package proteins.d. Both mitochondria & chloroplasts are found in animal cells.

OrganelleFunction

11._____ Cilia / FlagellaA. Assist in cell division

12._____ NucleolusB. Packages proteins

13._____ Cell WallC. Stores food and water

14._____ LysosomeD. Produce ribosomes

15._____ VacuoleE. Stiff and rigid outer layer of plant cells

16._____ RibosomeF. Contains enzymes that destroy old cell parts

17._____ CentriolesG. Site of protein synthesis, most numerous organelle

18._____ Golgi ApparatusH. Hair-like structures that help cells move

Chapter 7.2 & 7.4 – Types of Transport

  1. The process that allows water to pass into or out of a cell is called:
  2. solubilityc. osmosis
  3. active transportd. endocytosis
  1. Molecules that are too large to be moved across a cell membrane can enter the cell by which process:
  2. diffusionc. osmosis
  3. endocytosisd. exocytosis
  1. The picture to the right is showing which process?
  2. Osmosisc. Endocytosis
  3. Diffusiond. Exocytosis
  1. The substance that dissolves other substances in a solution is called
  2. Solventc. Solution
  3. Soluted. Cholesterol
  1. Which type of transport requires energy input from the cell?
  2. Osmosisc. Active Transport
  3. Facilitated Diffusiond. Passive Transport
  1. What elements are pumped in and out of cells to ensure that nerves and muscles function properly?
  2. carbon and waterc. calcium and magnesium
  3. helium, potassium and nitrogend. sodium and potassium
  1. What is part A in the picture to the right?
  2. Phospholipidc. Cholesterol
  3. Transport Proteind. Carbohydrate Chain
  1. What would happen to the structure above if part D (cholesterol) is completely removed?
  2. It would become more rigid.c. It would have holes in it.
  3. It would disintegrate.d. It would collapse in on itself.
  1. What is part C in the picture above?
  2. Phospholipidc. Cholesterol
  3. Transport Proteind. Carbohydrate Chain
  1. What would happen to a cell with a 90% water concentration is placed in a solution with an 80% water concentration?
  2. The cell would shrinkc. The cell would swell
  3. The cell would not change in sized. The cell would explode
  1. What is a major difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?
  2. Active transport moves substances from lower to higher concentration.
  3. Active transport uses proteins in the process.
  4. Facilitated diffusion moves molecules through the plasma membrane.
  5. Facilitated diffusion requires large amounts of energy.
  1. Which of the following would increase the fluidity (flexibility of the cell’s plasma membrane?
  2. Decreasing the temperature.c. Increasing the number of cholesterol molecules
  3. Increasing the concentration of transport proteinsd. Decreasing the number of phospolipids.

Chapter 8 – Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

  1. What does the chemical formula C6H12O6 represent?
  2. salt c. carbon dioxide
  3. waterd. glucose
  1. The sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in a human body are called:
  2. homeostasis.c. metabolism.
  3. photosynthesis.d. cellular respiration.
  1. The starting substances in a chemical reaction are called:
  2. reactantsc. subscripts
  3. productsd. coefficients
  1. The products of photosynthesis are:
  2. water and carbon dioxide.c. carbon dioxide and glucose.
  3. water and oxygen.d. glucose and oxygen.
  1. Photosynthesis takes place in which cell organelle:
  2. Cell membranec. Mitochondria
  3. Chloroplastd. Cytoplasm
  1. The main photosynthetic pigmentin plants is:
  2. carotene.c. chlorophyll.
  3. xanthophyll.d. anthocyanin.
  1. The process of releasing energy stored in the bonds of glucose is called:
  2. photosynthesis.c. homeostasis.
  3. cellular respiration.d. metabolism.
  1. When glucose molecules are broken down, energy is converted into which molecule:
  2. ATP c. proteins
  3. enzymesd. lipids
  1. The products of cellular respiration are:
  2. glucose and oxygen.c. carbon dioxide and glucose.
  3. water and oxygen.d. water and carbon dioxide.
  1. A substance produced during cellular respiration, that is needed for is photosynthesis:
  2. oxygen.c. carbon dioxide.
  3. hydrogen.d. glucose.
  1. What is the name of the process that takes place when glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen?
  2. photosynthesis.c. fermentation.
  3. oxidation.d. respiration.
  1. What waste product of photosynthesis is released to the environment?
  2. Oxygen (O2)c. Salt (NaCl)
  3. Water (H2O)d. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
  1. ATP is called a cell’s “energy currency” because it:
  2. delivers energy where the cell needs it.c. allows organelles to travel to another cell.
  3. changes into money in our cell.d. can buy energy when it is needed.
  1. Glucose molecules are broken down into what molecule:
  2. enzymesc. proteins
  3. ATP d. complex carbohydrates
  1. Which of the reactions below is the correct reaction for photosynthesis?
  2. 6 O2 + 6 H2O + Light  C6H12O6
  3. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
  4. C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O
  5. C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
  1. Which of the reactions below is the correct reaction for cellular respiration?
  2. C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + Light
  3. 6 O2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + ATP
  4. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
  5. C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

  1. Which of the following occurs during photosynthesis?

a. / CO2 is used to produce water.
b. / CO2 is absorbed by mitochondria.
c. / CO2 and H2O are converted to carbohydrates / glucose.
d. / CO2 and H2O are combined into carbonic acid.
  1. In which of the following ways are photosynthesis and cellular respiration alike?

a. / Both processes produce glucose.
b. / Both processes consume carbon dioxide.
c. / Both processes take place in chloroplasts.
d. / Both processes involve energy transformations.
  1. All organisms have ways to produce ATP. Which of the following statements describes why ATP is a critical compound for all cells?

a. / It causes mitosis to begin.
b. / It is an energy-transfer molecule.
c. / It is a major component of cell membranes.
d. / It carries information from DNA to the ribosomes.
  1. Which of the following most likely happens in the cells of a person running in the Boston Marathon?

a. / The respiration rate increases to produce more ATP.
b. / The replication rate increases to produce more DNA.
c. / The photosynthesis rate increases to produce more sugars.
d. / The cell division rate increases to produce more muscle fibers.

B. Completion:Complete the paragraph below by filling in the missing blanks from the word bank below.

Chemical reactions are essential in the conversion of energy from one form to another. Plants convert energy from light during the process of ______ to make glucose. This demonstrates the first law of thermodynamics as it shows energy cannot be ______ or destroyed. The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism is called ______ . Many chemical reactions occur in the human body such as digestion and cellular respiration. During cellular respiration ______ is broken down into ATP. This is possible because chemical bonds ______ energy. The first step of cellular respiration is called ______ . During this process a total of ______ ATP are produced. If oxygen is present, the second step of cellular respiration is ______. During this process ______ ATP are produced. If oxygen is NOT present anaerobic respiration takes place called ______ . This process is seen during heavy and rapid exercise and a substance called ______ is released which makes a burning sensation in the muscles. This is where the phrase “Feel the burn” comes from.

WORD BANK

Created 2 Glucose34StoreMetabolism Lactic Acid Respiration Photosynthesis Glycolysis Fermentation

Chapter 12 – DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis

  1. Which scientist(s) was nicknamed the “Father of Genetics” and used pea plants to study how traits are inherited?
  2. Averyc. Griffith
  3. Mendeld. Chargaff
  1. Which scientist(s) injected mice with pneumonia and determined that DNA can be transferred from one organism to another?
  2. Hershey & Chasec. Levene
  3. Watson & Crickd. Griffith
  1. How many bases make up the human genome?
  2. three millionc. three hundred thousand
  3. six million d. three billion
  1. Genes contain the instructions to make which macromolecule?
  2. Nucleic acidsc. Carbohydrates
  3. Proteinsd. Lipids
  1. Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a nucleotide?
  2. amino acid, sugar, basec. phosphate, lipid, carbohydrate
  3. protein, phosphate, based. sugar, phosphate, base
  1. What type of bond holds nitrogen bases together in the DNA double helix?
  2. covalentc. hydrogen
  3. ionicd. nuclear
  1. In RNA what chemical base does adenine (A) bond with?
  2. Guanine (G)c. Cytosine (C)
  3. Thymine (T)d. Uracil (U)
  1. Which enzyme unzips and breaks the hydrogen bonds during DNA replication?
  2. Helicasec. Nucleotase
  3. RNA polymerased. DNA polymerase
  1. In RNA molecules uracil replaces which base:
  2. thymine c. adenine
  3. guanined. cytosine
  1. The process where enzymes make an mRNA copy from a portion of DNA is called:
  2. translation.c. a mutation.
  3. transcription.d. DNA replication.
  1. The diagram to the right represents part of a process that occurs in cells. Which process is represented?
  2. Osmosisc. Transcription
  3. Replicationd. Translation
  4. In order for protein synthesis to occur, mRNA must travel to which cell organelle:
  5. centrioles.c. ribosomes.
  6. nucleus.d. cell membrane.
  1. The term given for the nucleotide triplet (3 bases) in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called:
  2. codon.c. nucleotide
  3. anticodon.d. enzyme.
  1. The diagram to the right shows a strand of DNA matched to a strand of messenger RNA. What process does this diagram represent?
  2. Cellular Respirationc. Transcription
  3. Replicationd. Translation
  1. DNA and RNA are similar because they both contain:
  2. Deoxyribosec. Thymine
  3. Nucleotidesd. Double Helices
  1. If you have the following strand of DNA: ACA GGG TCA, what would be the complimentary mRNA strand?
  2. UGU CCC AGUd. TGT CCC AGT
  3. GGA CTT GACd. ACA GGG TCA
  1. Use an mRNA codon table from your notesto determine the amino acid sequence. mRNA Strand:UGU CCC AGU

Amino Acid # 1 - ______Amino Acid # 2 - ______Amino Acid # 3 - ______