Low Levels of Attention, but High Levels of Control and Certainty

Question 1

In terms of the cognitive dimensions of appraisal, happiness can be thought of as a pleasant emotional state that involves

Question 1 answers

low levels of attention, but high levels of control and certainty.

low levels of attention and agency, but a high level of certainty.

high levels of attention, agency, and certainty.

high levels of attention and agency, but a low level of certainty.

Question 2

Which sequence of events is proposed by of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Question 2 answers

stimulus --> physiological arousal --> emotion

stimulus --> emotion AND physiological arousal (simultaneously)

physiological arousal --> stimulus --> emotion

stimulus --> emotion --> physiological arousal

Question 3

Researchers are looking into the possibility of using reaction times to determine whether people are telling the truth or lying. This is because

Question 3 answers

people who are telling the truth take longer to react to crime-relevant information.

guilty individuals take longer to react than do people who are telling the truth.

lying requires less cognitive processing effort than telling the truth.

involuntary electrical activity in either the brain or muscles is too subtle to measure.

Question 4

A research participant in an experiment is asked to imagine a past emotional situation, and then to complete a rating form that includes the following categories: pleasantness, attention, agency, and certainty. It sounds as though the researcher is interested in

Question 4 answers

the cognitive dimensions of appraisal.

the validity of the facial-feedback hypothesis.

the James-Lange theory of emotion.

counterfactual thinking.

Question 5

When your friend returns your favorite shirt covered with stains, you simultaneously get "hot under the collar," clench your fists, and become angry. This description fits the ______theory.

Question 5 answers

Cannon-Bard

James-Lange

two-factor

social-comparison

Question 6

When his brakes failed, the driver was in a state of panic. After pulling safely to the side of the road, his ______took over and restored the body to a calmer state.

Question 6 answers

adrenal glands

sympathetic nervous system

central nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 7

Based on the research of Robert Zajonc, if you want to elevate your mood you should

Question 7 answers

take up jogging.

take a nap.

smile.

watch television.

Question 8

Researchers who are developing new tests that distinguish between truth-telling and deception are focusing on

Question 8 answers

making the control questions more subtle.

leading research participants to believe that they are not being tested.

electrical brain activity, pupil dilation and facial muscle movements.

changes in body language that result from crime-relevant questions.

Question 9

Suppose you went to a country where you did not speak the language. If you needed to communicate your emotions through the use of facial expressions, the emotion that would be easiest to communicate successfully would most likely be

Question 9 answers

happiness.

anger.

fear.

disgust.

Question 10

Much to your surprise, your very best friend from ten years ago has appeared at your door. Cognitively, this situation is characterized by a high level of ______, but low ______.

Question 10 answers

attention and certainty; control

certainty and agency; attention

attention and agency; certainty

attention; certainty and agency

Question 11

Suppose you were a research participant in a study of "subjective well-being." It is most likely that researchers will ask you to

Question 11 answers

take a lie-detector test.

watch films or listen to audio tapes.

complete questionnaires.

have your brain waves measured.

Question 12

With respect to the question of whether animals have emotions, Mark Blumberg and Greta Sokoloff focused on whether rat pups cry when they are removed from their nest. The conclusion of the researchers was that

Question 12 answers

rat pups experience sadness that is similar in many ways to that experienced by humans.

rat pups intentionally communicate their emotions through ultrasonic distress vocalizations.

rat pups show signs of emotional distress, but they cannot actually cry because they do not have tear ducts.

there is no proof for or against an underlying emotional state in rat pups.

Question 13

An artist is illustrating a story about two brothers: Brother A can be described as proud and Brother B conveys sadness and dejection. In order to communicate these emotions, research implies that the artist should depict Brother A in a(n) ______posture, and Brother B in a(n) ______posture.

Question 13 answers

flexible; rigid

horizontal; vertical

round; rectangular

expansive; contracted

Question 14

Robert Zajonc's notion of the "primacy of affect" is best supported by the

Question 14 answers

fact that people sometimes react with anger when they are hurt.

existence of a subcortical pathway for fear in the brain.

finding that emotions are associated with facial expressions.

fact that the autonomic nervous system has two separate branches.

Question 15

Suppose you went to a country where you did not speak the language. If you needed to communicate your emotions through the use of facial expressions, you would have most difficulty successfully communicating

Question 15 answers

happiness and surprise.

sadness and surprise.

anger and disgust.

happiness and sadness.

Question 16

In a laboratory experiment, a researcher is stimulating various areas of a cat's brain. At first, the cat withdraws in fear. Then, when an adjacent area is stimulated, the cat snarls and hisses. The area of the brain that is being stimulated is called the

Question 16 answers

cerebellum.

corpus callosum.

limbic system.

cerebral cortex.

Question 17

A research participant in an experiment is shown pictures that elicit anger and fear. If recordings were taken from his or her face, you would expect the muscles ______to show an increase in activity.

Question 17 answers

in the forehead

around the lips and mouth

around the nose

in the cheeks

Question 18 text Question 18 2 points Save

Researchers who have analyzed parent-child conversations in the home have found

Question 18 answers

no differences in the way that boys and girls are socialized.

that parents talk more about emotions with their daughters.

that boys are constantly encouraged to control rage and anger.

that boys and girls feel different emotions.

Question 19 text Question 19 2 points Save

In experiments related to affective forecasting, researchers have determined that people tended to

Question 19 answers

underestimate the duration of their emotional reactions.

overestimate the duration of their emotional reactions.

overestimate the duration of emotional reactions to positive events only.

underestimate the duration of their emotional reactions to negative events only.

Question 20 text Question 20 2 points Save

When the fugitive spotted the police car, simultaneously his heart started to pound, he ran, and he experienced fear. This example is most descriptive of the ______theory of emotion.

Question 20 answers

adaptation-level

misattribution

James-Lange

Cannon-Bard

Question 21 text Question 21 2 points Save

In a decision about a military court martial, the United States Supreme Court ruled that polygraph tests

Question 21 answers

should be admitted into evidence.

should not be admitted into evidence.

can be admitted into evidence if the examiner is well-trained.

can be admitted into evidence if prosecution and defense counsels both agree.

Question 22 text Question 22 2 points Save

According to Richard Solomon's ______theory of emotion, an unlearned, automatic response triggers a learned response that is the emotional opposite of the primary state.

Question 22 answers

circumplex

pyramid

opponent-process

social-comparison

Question 23 text Question 23 2 points Save

Researchers Victoria Medvec and Kenneth Savitsky have suggested that people are likely to engage in counterfactual thinking after

Question 23 answers

every situation in which there is an identifiable outcome.

having received a successful outcome.

having received an unsuccessful outcome.

an experience puts them on the verge of a better or worse outcome.

Question 24 text Question 24 2 points Save

Which of the following does not belong with the others?

Question 24 answers

epinephrine

norepinephrine

adrenal glands

amygdala

Question 25 text Question 25 2 points Save

You are sitting on your couch watching a movie on television. Based on research that is described in the textbook, the right hemisphere of your brain is likely to be most active when you see scenes that elicit ______emotions.

Question 25 answers

few or no

approach

withdrawal

both positive and negative

Question 26 text Question 26 2 points Save

Research studies have shown that when people are presented with evidence that is either compatible or incompatible with their established points of view on various issues, they

Question 26 answers

reluctantly change their views to make them consistent with the available evidence.

give great weight to arguments that are incompatible with their views.

may discredit evidence that contradicts the conclusions they want to reach.

are more likely to change their views if they are strongly committed to them.

Question 27 text Question 27 2 points Save

Research on persuasive communications suggests that likability is an important trait of persuasive sources. A speaker will be most likable if he or she

Question 27 answers

is similar to us and physically appealing.

speaks quickly and confidently.

cares about issues and is emotionally "charged."

is honest and trustworthy.

Question 28 text Question 28 2 points Save

In a test of the implications of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, Carl Hovland and Robert Sears analyzed records from fourteen southern states during the years 1882 to 1930 and found a strong negative correlation between the number of lynchings and

Question 28 answers

the number of churches.

sales of alcohol.

amount of rainfall.

the price of cotton.

Question 29 text Question 29 2 points Save

Topics such as altruism, group pride, intergroup conflict, and perceptions of others are most closely associated with the field of ______psychology.

Question 29 answers

social

developmental

clinical

human factors

Question 30 text Question 30 2 points Save

Based on the notion of social facilitation, the presence of others will enhance a person's performance if they are

Question 30 answers

solving a difficult mathematical problem.

good swimmers and are swimming in a relay race.

memorizing a long list.

learning a new dance step.

Question 31 text Question 31 2 points Save

According to Robert Zajonc, the presence of others ______arousal, which ______performance of the dominant response.

Question 31 answers

increases; increases

decreases; decreases

increases; decreases

decreases; increases

Question 32 text Question 32 2 points Save

You have been asked to write a letter of recommendation for a co-worker, and have been told to include an equal number of both positive and negative qualities. You want to be honest, but you also want to write a letter that will help your co-worker. You should

Question 32 answers

present the negative qualities first, then the positive qualities.

present the positive qualities first, then the negative qualities.

alternate positive and negative qualities in your letter.

present the negative qualities first, but try to "explain them away."

Question 33 text Question 33 2 points Save

If you wanted to help people understand what Stanley Milgram was studying in his famous teacher-learner experiment described in the textbook, what actual phenomenon should you compare it to?

Question 33 answers

the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack

Nazis who were tried as war criminals after World War II saying "I was just following orders"

the increased incidence of "road rage" occurring on highways today

the tendency to stop and look up if you see a group of strangers staring upward at a building

Question 34 text Question 34 2 points Save

A researcher has a database of thousands of yearbook pictures and uses a computer program that can weight certain features and develop various facial composites. When shown these faces, people will likely prefer those that depict

Question 34 answers

overly large features.

especially wide-set eyes.

noses that are particularly small.

an "averaged" set of features.

Question 35 text Question 35 2 points Save

Based on a meta-analysis by Steven Karau and Kipling Williams, the tendency for people to take a "free ride" in groups can be reduced if

Question 35 answers

groups members are assured that their personal contributions will not be evaluated.

the group is composed of strangers.

the task is made personally meaningful.

working on the task is its own reward.

Question 36 text Question 36 2 points Save

In a study by Jennifer Butler and Roy Baumeister, participants were given a monetary incentive to be as quick and accurate as possible when performing a video game. As they played, a stranger who could or could not win money based on the performance, watched. Participants who were watched by a stranger with a vested interest found the situation ______stressful and were ______at the task.

Question 36 answers

less; better

less; worse

more; better

more; worse

Question 37 text Question 37 2 points Save

An adolescent sneaks some beer out of the house because all of his friends have done the same and he doesn't want them to reject him. This best illustrates

Question 37 answers

social facilitation.

social loafing.

informational influence.

normative influence.

Question 38 text Question 38 2 points Save

In a study that is mentioned in the textbook, fifty transsexuals who voluntarily altered their sex hormone levels by undergoing sex-change treatments had their levels of aggression measured. It was found that female-to-male transsexuals became ______aggressive after treatment and male-to-female transsexuals became ______aggressive.

Question 38 answers

less; less

less; more

more; less

more; more

Question 39 text Question 39 2 points Save

The process of changing attitudes is called

Question 39 answers

social facilitation.

conformity.

diffusion.

persuasion.

Question 40 text Question 40 2 points Save

Police are not surprised when called to the scene of car wrecks, bar fights, or domestic incidents in which one spouse kills another to hear a survivor say "I was drinking and I lost control; I just didn't think." Such incidents illustrate that the role of alcohol in aggression is primarily due to alcohol's tendency to

Question 40 answers

make us more aware of our values.

greatly increase the level of testosterone in both males and females.

give us something to "blame," since we remain very much aware of our intentional aggressive behaviors when drunk.

make us short-sighted about the consequences of our actions.

Question 41 text Question 41 2 points Save

With respect to the cause of aggression, the author of the textbook makes the point that aggressive behavior

Question 41 answers

is programmed into human nature by instincts, genes, hormones, and other biological factors.

is directly caused by one's culture and social learning.

is a product of environmental stressors.

comes about due to the interaction of many factors.

Question 42 text Question 42 2 points Save

In a study of attributions by AraNorenzayan and Richard Nisbett, American and Japanese college students were shown underwater scenes that included many background details and one or more large, fast-moving "focal" fish, the stars of the show. When asked to recall what they saw,

Question 42 answers

both groups of students recalled the focal fish and background details equally well.

the Japanese students were better at recalling the focal fish and background details.

the American students recalled the background fish better and the Japanese students recalled the focal fish better.

both groups recalled the focal fish equally well, but the Japanese students recalled the background details better.

Question 43 text Question 43 2 points Save

In Stanley Milgram's classic study on obedience to authority, about ______percent of the research participants delivered the maximum punishment of 450 volts to the hapless Mr. Wallace.

Question 43 answers

Question 44 text Question 44 2 points Save

A person who has high levels of testosterone is LEAST likely to be

Question 44 answers

bold.

competitive.

aggressive.

timid.

Question 45 text Question 45 2 points Save

Studies of sex differences in aggression have compared children and adolescent boys and girls, and adult men and women. Taken as a whole, these studies report

Question 45 answers

no differences in aggression between boys and girls.

inconsistent sex differences across all age groups.

higher physical aggression in boys and men.

higher physical aggression in girls than in boys and no differences between women and men.

Question 46 text Question 46 2 points Save

In the context of social perceptions, the author of the textbook cites the officiating controversy at the 2002 Winter Olympics figure-skating competition as an example of the finding that

Question 46 answers

social perceptions are always objective.

there is no self-serving bias when it comes to social perceptions.

sometimes personal needs will affect social perceptions.

biases in social perceptions affect some cultures more than others.

Question 47 text Question 47 2 points Save

When they conducted university-wide surveys, Deborah Prentice and Dale Miller found that many students overestimated how comfortable their peers were with the drinking level on campus and eventually adjusted their behavior to match their estimates. This study demonstrated that

Question 47 answers

informational social influence is more damaging than normative social influence.

social facilitation directly impacts our judgments.

there is a widespread tendency to overestimate the impact of personal causes of behavior.

we are not influenced by social norms as much as by our perceptions of those norms.

Question 48 text Question 48 2 points Save

Both Sigmund Freud and Konrad Lorenz believed that aggression

Question 48 answers

is a behavior that is acquired through experience.

has little adaptive value.

inevitably leads to wars, crimes, and acts of violence.