BIO101 Unit 4
Kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi, & Viruses
Glossary
aerobic
organisms that require oxygen for respiration
anaerobic
organisms that do not require oxygen for respiration
asexual reproduction
a type of reproduction which occurs with unicellular organisms. only one parent a new organism is produced.
autotrophs
organisms which are able to make their own food (algae and plants)
bacillus
a rod-shaped bacteria
bacterium(a)
microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotic organisms many of which cause disease.
binary fission
asexual reproduction which occurs when a unicellular organism divides into two unicellular organisms by cellular division (mitosis)
carotene
a pigment producing cream-yellow and/or carrot-orange colors.
chemosynthesis
process by which some organisms make their own food using a chemical energy source.
chromosomes
Thread-like structures found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that contain genetic material. They become visible during cellular division.
cilium(a)
motile,short, hair-like extensions covering the body surface of some bacteria and protozoans that are used for locomotion.
coccus
a sound shaped bacteria
colonial
a group of unicellular organisms living in a cluster or a chain
commensalism
a symbiotic relationship in which one species is benefited but the other species in not harmed or benefited.
conjugation
a sexual reproductive process in where genetic material is transfer from a cell of one individual to another. Usually this type of reproduction occurs between two unicellular organisms.
decomposers
organism, usually a bacteria or fungi, that breaks down organic matter into inorganic nutrients that can be recycled in the environment.
facultative anaerobes
types of bacteria which are able to grow with or without oxygen present.
flagellum(a)
whip-like extension of a protozoan and some bacteria used for locomotion
fungi
saprotrophic decomposer; the body is composed of filaments called hyphae that forms a mass called a mycelium.
heterotroph
organisms which are not able to make their own food (animals)
lichen
an algae and fungus which are living together in a symbiotic relationship. Lichen appears to be a single organism.
motile
refers to an organism which has the ability to move about freely
multicellular
refers to an organism which is composed of many cells
mutualism
a type of symbiotic relationship in which both organisms are benefited by this close living arrangement.
nonmotile
refers to an organism which is unable to move independently
obligate anaerobe
types of bacteria and viruses which are unable to grow in the presence of oxygen
parasitism
a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism (parasite) lives on or in another living organism (host) from which it derives nourishment. The host is harmed and the parasite is benefited by the relationship.
phagocytosis
process by which amoeboid-type cells engulf large substances forming an intracellular vacuole.
photozynthesis
process by which plants and algae make their own food using the energy of the sun
protozoan
heterotrophic, unicellular protist that moves by flagella, cilia, pseudopia or are immobile. They have many animal characteristics and were probably the ancestors of animals.
pseudopodia
cytoplasmic extensions of amoeboid protists used for locomotion and engulfing food.
saprotroph
heterotroph such as a bacteria or fungi that externally digests dead organic matter before absorbing the products
spirillum
a spiral shaped bacteria
symbiosis
a close living relationship between two organisms of different species. This relationship can
be beneficial to both; help one but not harm the other; or help one and be harmful to the other.
syngamy
a sexual type or reproduction in which two protozoa function as sex cells and fuse together to produce a new organism.
unicellular
an organism which is composed of only one cell
virus
noncellular obligate parasite of living cells; smaller than bacteria; cannot reproduce without the host; consists of nucleic acid core and a outer capsule.