KEY TERMS – CHAPTER 2
division of laborThe breakdown of jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks.
(or job specialization)
Industrial RevolutionThe substitution of machine power for human power, which made it more economical to manufacture goods in factories rather than at home.
scientific managementUsing the scientific method to determine the “one best way” for a job to be done.
therbligsA classification scheme for labeling seventeen basic hand motions.
general administrativeA theory of management that focused on describing what theory managers do and what constitutes good management
practice.
principles of managementFundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations.
bureaucracyA form of organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships.
quantitative approachThe use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making.
organizational behaviorThe field of study concerned with the actions (behavior) of
(OB)people at work.
Hawthorne StudiesA series of studies during the 1920s and 1930s that provided new insights in individual and group behavior.
systemA set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.
closed systemsSystems that are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment.
open systemsSystems that interact with their environment.
contingency approachManagement approach that says that organizations are different, face different situations (contingencies), and require different ways of managing.
workforce diversityA workforce that’s heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, age, and other characteristics that reflect differences.
entrepreneurshipThe process of starting new businesses, generally in response to opportunities.
e-business (electronicThe way an organization does its work by using electronic
business)(Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals.
e-commerce (electronicThe sales and marketing aspect of e-business.
commerce)
intranetA Web-based internal communication system accessible only by organizational employees.
learning organizationAn organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change.
knowledge managementCultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance.
quality managementA philosophy of management that is driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.