Genetics Name______Date______Per___

Biochemistry

Essential questions:

·  What are the four different biological macromolecules and their functions in organisms?

·  How are the four biological macromolecules constructed?

·  Why are enzymes important in biochemical reactions?

·  How do changes in conditions affect the activity of an enzyme?

·  How do different factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

·  How are DNA and RNA similar and different?

·  How do protein shapes form?

Key vocabulary:

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Genetics Name______Date______Per___

·  Monomer

·  Polymer

·  Hydrolysis

·  Dehydration Synthesis

·  Carbohydrates

·  Proteins

·  Lipids

·  Nucleic Acids

·  Amino Acids

·  Fatty Acids

·  Glycerol

·  Monosaccharide

·  Nucleotide

·  Enzyme

·  Catalyst

·  Steroids

·  Denature

·  Double Helix

·  Polypeptide

·  Primary Structure

·  Secondary Structure

·  Tertiary Structure

·  Quaternary Structure

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Genetics Name______Date______Per___

Practice:

Two or more ______make up a ______

All organic molecules contain:

Which macromolecule is responsible for storing genetic information?______

Glucose and fructose are combined in a chemical reaction, what kind of reaction is it and what products are made?

Steroids belong to what category of macromolecule?

To break up lactose, what type of reaction must occur and what must be added?

The macromolecule preferred by organisms for energy is______

The group of macromolecules most responsible for organism structures is ______

How is the primary structure of a protein different from the secondary structure?

How is the tertiary structure different from the quaternary structure?

Name 2 ways a protein can denature, explain how denaturing affects the protein, and how that affects its function.

Explain why the molecule pictured on the bottom is “unsaturated”?

The molecule pictured at right is a monomer of what group of macromolecules?

This molecule is a monomer for which macromolecule?

How does enzyme concentration affect the rate of a reaction? Given infinite amounts of enzyme, what will slow the reaction rate? Is part of the reaction limited in this graph? If so, which part?

Draw a graph showing limited enzyme. Be sure to label the axis.

In this graph of enzyme activity, pictured at right, what happens at about 40C? What happens at 45C?

At what pH is the enzyme graphed at right most effective? At what pH(s) would you say the enzyme works at 50%? At what pH(s) does the enzyme seem to denature completely?

Cell Cycle

Essential Quesions

·  List the major tenets of the cell theory

·  Describe the roles of the following scientists in the discovery of the cell: Hooke, Van Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow

·  Describe the role of checkpoints in the regulation of the cell cycle

·  Describe how a mutation in the genetic code can alter the cell cycle (include discussion of growth factors and tumor suppressors in your answer)

·  Describe how a change in the cell cycle may lead to cancer

·  Briefly describe the major events in interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

·  Describe the difference in chromosome structure and number between meiosis I and meiosis II

·  Describe how meiosis I contributes to genetic variation in sexual reproduction

·  Compare and contrast how mitosis and meiosis lead to cellular (organismal) reproduction

·  List three differences between mitosis and meiosis

Key terms

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Genetics Name______Date______Per___

actin

benign tumor

centromere

chromatid

crossing over

cyclin

cyclin-dependent kinase

cytokinesis

diploid

growth factor

haploid

independent assortment

malignant tumor

meiosis

metastasis

microtubules

mitosis

oncogene

tumor suppressor gene

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Genetics Name______Date______Per___

Practice Problem: Using the following diagrams, name the stage of mitosis for A-D, and give at least two pieces of evidence for each.

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Genetics Name______Date______Per___

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Genetics Name______Date______Per___

Heredity

Essential Questions

·  Describe the difference between a missense and a nonsense mutation.

·  Describe the processes of transformation, transduction and conjugation in bacteria.

·  Describe how crossing-over, independent assortment of chromosomes, and sexual reproduction

produce genetic variation in organisms.

·  Describe the functions of a Punnett square.

·  Explain Mendel’s three Laws (Principles) of Dominance, Segregation and Independent Assortment.

·  Describe the function of a test cross.

·  Describe how dominant and recessive traits are inherited.

·  Describe the non-Mendelian inheritance patterns of codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, and sex-linked traits.

·  Describe the difference between pleiotropy and epistasis.

·  Describe the functions of a pedigree chart.

Key Terms

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Genetics Name______Date______Per___

allele

mutation

point mutation

base pair insertion

base pair deletion

base pair substitution

genotype

phenotype

dominant

recessive

homozygous

heterozygous

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Genetics Name______Date______Per___

Practice Problems

·  Create a Punnett Square showing a monohybrid cross of Tt xTt. Describe how you would arrive at the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

·  Create a Punnett Square showing a dihybrid cross of TtRr xTtRr. Describe how you would arrive at the phenotypic ratio.

·  Show how incomplete dominance in snapdragons is exhibited by crossing a red (RR) and a white (WW) flowered plant, and then crossing their offspring. Explain the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the second cross.

·  Show how a sex-linked trait such as colorblindness may be inherited by crossing XCXc x XCY.

Genes

Essential Questions

What are the subunits that make up a single strand of DNA and how are they arranged?

Summarize the steps of DNA replication.

What are some reasons that DNA will undergo replication?

Explain why a silent mutation is less harmful than a deletion or insertion.

Explain what the phrase “one gene one- polypeptide,” means.

Name the three types of RNA and their role in creation of a protein.

Explain how gene expression is regulated.

Compare and contrast gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Explain why the RNA transcripts must be edited in a eukaryotic cell.

List the different methods of genetic recombination in bacteria.

Explain the usefulness of the Human Genome Project.

Key Terms

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Genetics Name______Date______Per___

·  Nucleotide

·  Deletion

·  Mutagen

·  Eukaryotes

·  Gene

·  DNA

·  Insertion

·  Double Helix

·  Translation

·  Operon

·  Mutation

·  Silent Mutation

·  Substitution

·  RNA

·  Transcription

·  Promoter

·  Recombination

·  Semi-Conservation

·  Positive Control

·  Prokaryotes

·  Point Mutation

·  Gene Expression

·  Polypeptide

·  Negative Control

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Genetics Name______Date______Per___

Practice Problems

  1. Label the following DNA model

  1. Name and explain each step of the central dogma of biology. Be sure to clarify which steps are responsible for converting DNA to RNA and eventually proteins.
  1. Identify and describe the three main types of mutations that can occur.
  2. Describe at least three effects of a mutation on gene expression.
  1. Identify at least three key mutagens.
  1. There are two categories of point mutations: base-pair substitution and base-pair deletion or insertions. Using the diagrams below indicate which substitution is displayed.

______

______

  1. Explain what is meant by the phrase “one-gene one polypeptide.
  1. Describe the outcome of the Human Genome Project including some of the social and ethical implications.
  1. Distinguish between regulation methods of a prokaryote versus a eukaryote.

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