History Of The Christian Church (1882)
Philip Schaff (1819-1903)
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Philip Schaff (From Wikipedia)
Philip Schaff (January 1, 1819 – October 20, 1893), was a Swiss-born, German-educated theologian and a historian of the Christian church, who, after his education, lived and taught in the United States.
He was born in Chur, Switzerland, and was educated at the gymnasium of Stuttgart, and at the universities of Tübingen, Halle and Berlin, where he was successively influenced by Baur and Schmid, by Tholuck and Julius Müller, by David Strauss and, above all, Neander. He then traveled through Italy and Sicily as tutor to Baron Krischer. In 1842 he was Privatdozent in the University of Berlin, and in 1843 (age 24) he was called to become professor of church history and Biblical literature in the German Reformed Theological Seminary of Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, then the only seminary of that church in America.
On his journey he stayed in England and met Edward Pusey and other Tractarians. His inaugural address on The Principle of Protestantism, delivered in German at Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1844, and published in German with an English version by John Williamson Nevin was a pioneer work in English in the field of symbolics (that is, the authoritative ecclesiastical formulations of religious doctrines in creeds or confessions). This address and the "Mercersburg Theology" which he taught seemed too pro-Catholic to some, and he was charged with heresy. But, at the synod at York in 1845, he was unanimously acquitted.
In consequence of the ravages of the American Civil War the theological seminary at Mercersburg was closed for a while and so in 1863 Dr. Schaff became secretary of the Sabbath Committee in New York City, and held the position till 1870. He became a professor at Union Theological Seminary, New York City in 1870 holding first the chair of theological encyclopedia and Christian symbolism till 1873, of Hebrew and the cognate languages till 1874, of sacred literature till 1887, and finally of church history, till his death.
His History of the Christian Church resembled Neander's work, though less biographical, and was pictorial rather than philosophical. He also wrote biographies, catechisms and hymnals for children, manuals of religious verse, lectures and essays on Dante, etc.
He also translated Johann Jakob Herzog's Real-Encyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche into English. His son, David Schley Schaff (born in 1852), was professor of church history in Lane Theological Seminary from 1897 to 1903, and after 1903 in Western Theological Seminary at Allegheny, Pa. He wrote a Commentary on the Book of Acts (1882) and a Life of Philip Schaff (1897).
History Of The Christian Church: Periods
Periods:
1. Apostolic Christianity, The Church under the Apostles, from the Birth of Christ to the Death of St. John. AD 1-100.
2. Ante-Nicene Christianity, The Age of Persecution and Martyrdom, from the Death of St. John to Constantine the Great. AD 100-311 (325).
3. Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity, The Church in Union with the Roman Empire, from Constantine the Great to Gregory I. AD 311-590.
4. Medieval Christianity (1), The Church among the Barbarians, from Gregory I. to Gregory VII. AD 590-1049 (1073).
5. Medieval Christianity (2), The Papal Theocracy in Conflict with the Secular Power, from Gregory VII. to Boniface VIII. AD 1049-1294.
6. Medieval Christianity (3), The Decline of the Papacy and the Preparation for Modern Christianity, from Boniface VIII. to Martin Luther. AD 1294-1517.
7. Modern Christianity (1), The Reformation and the Roman Catholic Reaction, from Martin Luther to the Treaty of Westphalia. AD 1517-1648.
The German Reformation (Luther).
The Swiss Reformation (Zwingli).
French Switzerland (Calvin).
[added, not in the original work]
8. Modern Christianity (2), Polemic orthodoxy and exclusive confessionalism, with reactionary and progressive movements, from the Treaty of Westphalia to the French Revolution. AD 1648–1790.
9. Modern Christianity (3), Infidelity, revival , and missionary efforts encircling the globe, from the French Revolution to the World Missionary Conference. AD 1790-1910.
10. Modern Christianity (4), Diversity, ecumenism, and rivalry with secularism, from the World Missionary Conference to the present. AD 1910-2000.
11. Postmodern Christianity, Western decline and eastern growth, conflict with Islam and postmodernism. AD 2000-??.
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(From Schaff, Volume 1)
First Period:
The Life of Christ, and the Apostolic church.
From the Incarnation to the death of St. John. A.D. 1–100.
Second Period:
Christianity under persecution in the Roman empire.
From the death of St. John to Constantine, the first Christian emperor. A.D. 100–311.
Third Period:
Christianity in union with the Graeco-Roman empire, and amidst the storms of the great migration of nations.
From Constantine the Great to Pope Gregory I. A.D. 311–590.
Fourth Period:
Christianity planted among the Teutonic, Celtic, and Slavonic nations.
From Gregory I. to Hildebrand, or Gregory VII. A.D. 590–1049.
Fifth Period:
The Church under the papal hierarchy, and the scholastic theology.
From Gregory VII. to Boniface VIII. A.D. 1049–1294.
Sixth Period:
The decay of mediaeval Catholicism, and the preparatory movements for the Reformation.
From Boniface VIII. to Luther. A.D. 1294–1517.
Seventh Period:
The evangelical Reformation, and the Roman Catholic Reaction.
From Luther to the Treaty of Westphalia. A.D. 1517–1648.
Eighth Period:
The age of polemic orthodoxy and exclusive confessionalism, with reactionary and progressive movements.
From the Treaty of Westphalia to the French Revolution. A.D. 1648–1790.
Ninth Period:
The spread of infidelity, and the revival of Christianity in Europe and America, with missionary efforts encircling the globe.
From the French Revolution to the present time. A.D. 1790–1880.
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Chapters
VOLUME I
Preface
General Introduction
First Period: Apostolic Christianity AD 1-100.
Chapter I. Preparation For Christianity.
Chapter II. Jesus Christ.
Chapter III. The Apostolic Age.
Chapter IV. St. Peter And The Conversion Of The Jews.
Chapter V. St. Paul And The Conversion Of The Gentiles.
Chapter VI. The Great Tribulation.
Chapter VII. St. John, And The Last Stadium Of The Apostolic Period - The Consolidation Of Jewish And Gentile Christianity.
Chapter VIII. Christian Life In The Apostolic Church.
Chapter IX. Worship In The Apostolic Age.
Chapter X. Organization Of The Apostolic Church.
Chapter XI. Theology Of The Apostolic Church.
Chapter XII. The New Testament.
Second Period: Ante-Nicene Christianity AD 100-311 (325).
VOLUME II
Preface.
Introduction.
Chapter I: Spread Of Christianity.
Chapter II: Persecution Of Christianity And Christian Martyrdom.
Chapter III. Literary Contest Of Christianity With Judaism And Heathenism.
Chapter IV: Organization And Discipline Of The Church.
Chapter V: Christian Worship.
Chapter VI: Christian Art.
Chapter VII: The Church In The Catacombs.
Chapter VIII: The Christian Life In Contrast With Pagan Corruption.
Chapter IX: Ascetic Tendencies.
Chapter X: Montanism.
Chapter XI: The Heresies Of The Ante-Nicene Age.
Chapter XII: The Development Of Catholic Theology.
Chapter XIII: Ecclesiastical Literature Of The Ante-Nicene Age, And Biographical Sketches Of The Church Fathers.
Third Period: The Church In Union With The Roman Empire, From Constantine The Great To Gregory The Great. AD 311-590.
VOLUME III
Preface.
Introduction.
Chapter I. Downfall Of Heathenism And Victory Of Christianity In The Roman Empire.
Chapter II. The Literary Triumph Of Christianity Over Greek And Roman Heathenism.
Chapter III. Alliance Of Church And State And Its Influence On Public Morals And Religion.
Chapter IV. Monasticism.
Chapter V. The Hierarchy And Polity Of The Church.
Chapter VI. Church Discipline And Schisms.
Chapter VII. Public Worship And Religious Customs And Ceremonies.
Chapter VIII. Christian Art.
Chapter IX. Theology. Development Of The Ecumenical Orthodoxy.
I. - The Trinitarian Controversies.
II. - The Origenistic Controversies.
III. - The Christological Controversies.
IV. - The Anthropological Controversies.
Chapter X. Church Fathers, And Theological Literature.
I.-The Greek Fathers.
II.-The Latin Fathers.
List Of Popes And Emperors.
Appendix.
Medieval Christianity AD 590-1517.
VOLUME IV
Fourth Period: The Church Among The Barbarians, From Gregory I. To Gregory VII. AD 590-1049 (1073).
Chapter I. General Introduction To Mediaeval Church History
Chapter II. The Conversion Of The Northern And Western Barbarians.
I. The Conversion Of England, Ireland, And Scotland.
II. The Conversion Of France, Germany, And Adjacent Countries.
III. The Conversion Of Scandanavis.
IV. The Christianization Of The Slavs.
Chapter III. Mohammedanism In Its Relation To Christianity.
Chapter IV. The Papal Hierarchy And The Holy Roman Empire.
Chapter V. The Conflict Of The Eastern And Western Churches And Their Separation.
Chapter VI. Morals And Religion.
Chapter VII. Monasticism.
Chapter VIII. Church Discipline.
Chapter IX. Church And State.
Chapter X. Worship And Ceremonies.
Chapter XI. Doctrinal Controversies.
Chapter XII. Heretical Sects.
Chapter XIII. The State Of Learning.
Chapter XIV. Biographical Sketches Of Ecclesiastical Writers.
Fifth Period: From Gregory VII. To Boniface VIII. AD 1049-1294.
VOLUME V
Preface
Introduction
Chapter I. The Hildebrandian Popes. AD 1049-1073.
Chapter II. Gregory VII, 1073-1085.
Chapter III. The Papacy From The Death Of Gregory VII. To The Concordat Of Worms. AD 1085-1122.
Chapter IV. The Papacy From The Concordat Of Worms To Innocent III. AD 1122-1198.
Chapter V. Innocent III. And His Age. AD 1198-1216.
Chapter VI. The Papacy From The Death Of Innocent III. To Boniface VIII. 1216-1294.
Chapter VII. The Crusades.
Chapter VIII. The Monastic Orders.
Chapter IX. Missions.
Chapter X. Heresy And Its Suppression.
Chapter XI. universities And Cathedrals.
Chapter XII. Scholastic And Mystic Theology.
Chapter XIII. Scholasticism At Its Height.
Chapter XIV. The Sacramental System.
Chapter XV. Pope And Clergy.
Chapter XVI. Popular Worship And Superstition.
Sixth Period: From Boniface VIII. To Martin Luther. AD 1294-1517.
VOLUME VI
Preface
Introduction
Chapter I. The Decline Of The Papacy And The Avignon Exile. AD 1294-1377.
Chapter II. The Papal Schism And The Reformatory Councils. 1378-1449.
Chapter III. Leaders Of Catholic Thought.
Chapter IV. The German Mystics.
Chapter V. Reformers Before The Reformation.
Chapter VI. The Last Popes Of The Middle Ages. 1447-1521
Chapter VII. Heresy And Witchcraft.
Chapter VIII. The Renaissance.
Chapter IX. The Pulpit And Popular Piety.
Chapter X. The Close Of The Middle Ages.
Seventh Period: The Reformation. AD 1517-1648.
VOLUME VII
Preface
Chapter I. Orientation. Mediaeval And Modern Christianity
First book. The German Reformation Till The Diet Of Augsburg, 1517-1530.
Chapter II. Luther's Training For The Reformation, (1483-1517).
Chapter III. The German Reformation From The Publication Of Luther's Theses To The Diet Of Worms, (1517-1521).
Chapter IV. The German Reformation From The Diet Of Worms To The Peasants' War, (1521-1525).
Chapter V. The Inner Development Of The Reformation From The
Peasants' War To The Diet Of Augsburg, (1525-1530).
Chapter VI. Propagation And Persecution Of Protestantism.
Chapter VII. The Sacramentarian Controversies.
Chapter VIII. The Political Situation Between 1526 And 1529.
Chapter IX. The Diet And Confession Of Augsburg. (1530).
Second Book. The Swiss Reformation.
Volume VIII
Preface
Chapter I. Introduction.
Chapter II. Zwingli's Training. AD 1484-1519.
Chapter III. The Reformation In Zurich. 1519-1526.
Chapter IV. Spread Of The Reformation In German Switzerland And The Grisons.
Chapter V. The CIVIl And Religious War Between The Roman Catholic And Reformed Cantons.
Chapter VI. The Period Of Consolidation.
Third Book. The Reformation In French Switzerland, Or The Calvinistic Movement.
Chapter VII. The Preparatory Work. From 1526 To 1536.
Chapter VIII. John Calvin And His Work.
Chapter IX. From France To Switzerland. 1509-1536.
Chapter X. Calvin's First Sojourn And Labors In Geneva. 1536-1538.
Chapter XI. Calvin In Germany. From 1538 To 1541.
Chapter XII. Calvin's Second Sojourn And Labors In Geneva. 1541-1564.
Chapter XIII. Constitution And Discipline Of The Church Of Geneva.
Chapter XIV. The Theology Of Calvin.
Chapter XV. Doctrinal Controversies.
Chapter XVI. Servetus: His Life, Trial, And Execution.
Chapter XVII. Calvin Abroad.
Chapter XVIII. Closing Scenes In The Life Of Calvin.
Chapter XIX. Theodore Beza.
Appendix.
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Sections
VOLUME 1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
§ 1. Nature of Church History.
§ 2. Branches of Church History.
§ 3. Sources of Church History.
§ 4. Periods of Church History.
§ 5. Uses of Church History.
§ 6. Duty of the Historian.
§ 7. Literature of Church History.
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First Period. APOSTLIC CHRISTIANITY AD 1–100.
CHAPTER I. PREPARATION FOR CHRISTIANITY.
§ 8. Central Position of Christ in the History of the World.
§ 9. Judaism.
§ 10. The Law, and the Prophecy.
§ 11. Heathenism.
§ 12. Grecian Literature, and the Roman Empire.
§ 13. Judaism and Heathenism in Contact.
CHAPTER II. JESUS CHRIST.
§ 14. Sources and Literature.
§ 15. The Founder of Christianity.
§ 16. Chronology of the Life of Christ.
§ 17. The Land and the People.
§ 18. Apocryphal Tradition.
§ 19. The Resurrection of Christ.
CHAPTER III. THE APOSTOLIC AGE.
§ 20. Sources and Literature of the Apostolic Age.
§ 21. General Character of the Apostolic Age.
§ 22. The Critical Reconstruction of the History of the Apostolic Age.
§ 23. Chronology of the Apostolic Age.
CHAPTER IV. ST. PETER AND THE CONVERSION OF THE JEWS.
§ 24. The Miracle of Pentecost and the Birthday of the Christian Church.
§ 25. The Church of Jerusalem and the Labors of Peter.
§ 26. The Peter of History and the Peter of Fiction.
§ 27. James the Brother of the Lord.
§ 28. Preparation for the Mission to the Gentiles.
CHAPTER V. ST. PAUL AND THE CONVERSION OF THE GENTILES.
§ 29. Sources and Literature on St. Paul and his Work.
§ 30. Paul before his Conversion.
§ 31. The Conversion of Paul.
§ 32. The Work of Paul.
§ 33. Paul’s Missionary Labors.
§ 34. The Synod of Jerusalem, and the Compromise between Jewish and Gentile Christianity.
§ 35. The Conservative Reaction, and the Liberal Victory—Peter and Paul at Antioch.
§ 36. Christianity in Rome.
CHAPTER VI. THE GREAT TRIBULATION.
§ 37. The Roman Conflagration and the Neronian Persecution.
§ 38. The Jewish War and the Destruction of Jerusalem.
§ 39. Effects of the Destruction of Jerusalem on the Christian Church.
CHAPTER VII. ST. JOHN, AND THE LAST STADIUM OF THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD – THE CONSOLIDATION OF JEWISH AND GENTILE CHRISTIANITY.
§ 40. The Johannean Literature.
§ 41. Life and Character of John
§ 42. Apostolic Labors of John.
§ 43. Traditions Respecting John.
CHAPTER VIII. CHRISTIAN LIFE IN THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH.
§ 44. The Power of Christianity.
§ 45. The Spiritual Gifts.
§ 46. Christianity in Individuals.
§ 47. Christianity and the Family.
§ 48. Christianity and Slavery.
§ 49. Christianity and Society.
§ 50. Spiritual Condition of the Congregations.—The Seven Churches in Asia.
CHAPTER IX. WORSHIP IN THE APOSTOLIC AGE.
§ 51. The Synagogue.
§ 52. Christian Worship.
§ 53. The Several Parts of Worship.
§ 54. Baptism.
§ 55. The Lord’s Supper.
§ 56. Sacred Places.
§ 57. Sacred Times—The Lord’s Day.
CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH.
§ 58. Literature.
§ 59. The Christian Ministry, and its Relation to the Christian Community.
§ 60. Apostles, Prophets, Evangelists.
§ 61. Presbyters or Bishops. The Angels of the Seven Churches. James of Jerusalem.
§ 62. Deacons and Deaconesses.
§ 63. Church Discipline.
§ 64. The Council at Jerusalem.
§ 65. The Church and the Kingdom of Christ.
CHAPTER XI. THEOLOGY OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH.
§ 66. Literature.
§ 67. Unity of Apostolic Teaching.
§ 68. Different Types of Apostolic Teaching.
§ 69. The Jewish Christian Theology—I. James and the Gospel of Law.
§ 70. II. Peter and the Gospel of Hope.
§ 71. The Gentile Christian Theology. Paul and the Gospel of Faith.
§ 72. John and the Gospel of Love.
§ 73. Heretical Perversions of the Apostolic Teaching.
CHAPTER XII. THE NEW TESTAMENT.
§ 74. Literature.
§ 75. Rise of the Apostolic Literature.
§ 76. Character of the New Testament.
§ 77. Literature on the Gospels.
§ 78. The Four Gospels.
§ 79. The Synoptists.
§ 80. Matthew.
§ 81. Mark.
§ 82. Luke.
§ 83. John.
§ 84. Critical Review of the Johannean Problem.
§ 85. The Acts of the Apostles.
§ 86. The Epistles.
§ 87. The Catholic Epistles.
§ 88. The Epistles of Paul
§ 89. The Epistles to the Thessalonians.
§ 90. The Epistles to the Corinthians.
§ 91. The Epistles to the Galatians.
§ 92. The Epistle to the Romans.
§ 93. The Epistles of the Captivity.
§ 94. The Epistle to the Colossians.
§ 95. The Epistle to the Ephesians.
§ 96. Colossians and Ephesians Compared and Vindicated.
§ 97. The Epistle to the Philippians.
§ 98. The Epistle to Philemon.
§ 99. The Pastoral Epistles.
§ 100. The Epistle To The Hebrews.
§ 101. The Apocalypse.
§ 102. Concluding Reflections. Faith and Criticism.
Alphabetical Index
VOLUME 2
Second Period: ANTE-NICENE CHRISTIANITY AD 100–311 (325).
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INTRODUCTION.
§ 1. General Literature on the Ante-Nicene Age
§ 2. General Character of Ante-Nicene Christianity.
CHAPTER I: Spread of Christianity.
§ 3. Literature.
§ 4. Hindrances and Helps.
§ 5. Causes of the Success of Christianity.
§ 6. Means of Propagation.
§ 7. Extent of Christianity in the Roman Empire.
§ 8. Christianity in Asia.
§ 9. Christianity in Egypt.
§ 10. Christianity in North Africa.
§ 11. Christianity in Europe.
CHAPTER II: Persecution of Christianity and Christian Martyrdom.
§ 12. Literature.
§ 13. General Survey.
§ 14. Jewish Persecution.
§ 15. Causes of Roman Persecution.
§ 16. Condition of the Church before the Reign of Trajan.
§ 17. Trajan. AD 98–117—Christianity Forbidden
§ 18. Hadrian. AD 117–138.
§ 19 Antoninus Pius. AD 137–161. The Martyrdom of Polycarp.
§ 20. Persecutions under Marcus Aurelius. AD 161–180.
§ 21. Condition of the Church from Septimius Severus to Philip the Arabian. AD 193–249.
§ 22. Persecutions under Decius, and Valerian. AD 249–260. Martyrdom of Cyprian.
§ 23. Temporary Repose. AD 260–303.
§ 24. The Diocletian Persecution, AD 303–311.
§ 25. The Edicts of Toleration. AD 311–313.
§ 26. Christian Martyrdom.
§ 27. Rise of the Worship of Martyrs and Relics.
CHAPTER III. Literary Contest of Christianity with Judaism and Heathenism.
§ 28. Literature.
§ 29. Literary Opposition to Christianity.
§ 30. Jewish Opposition. Josephus and the Talmud.
§ 31. Pagan Opposition. Tacitus and Pliny.
§ 32. Direct Assaults. Celsus.
§ 33. Lucian.
§ 34. Neo-Platonism.
§ 35. Porphyry and Hierocles
§ 36. Summary of the Objections to Christianity.
§ 37. The Apologetic Literature of Christianity.
§ 38. The Argument against Judaism.
§ 39. The Defense against Heathenism.
§ 40. The Positive Apology.
CHAPTER IV: Organization and Discipline of the Church.
§ 41. Progress in Consolidation.
§ 42. Clergy and Laity.
§ 43. New Church Officers.
§ 44. Origin of the Episcopate.
§ 45. Development of the Episcopate. Ignatius.
§ 46. Episcopacy at the time of Irenaeus and Tertullian.
§ 47. Cyprianic Episcopacy.
§ 48. The Pseudo-Clementine Episcopacy.
§ 49. Beginnings of the Metropolitan and Patriarchal Systems
§ 50. Germs of the Papacy.
§ 51. Chronology of the Popes.
§ 52. List of the Roman Bishops and Roman Emperors during the First Three Centuries.
§ 53. The Catholic Unity.
§ 54. Councils.
§ 55. The Councils of Elvira, Arles, and Ancyra.
§ 56. Collections of Ecclesiastical Law. The Apostolical Constitutions and Canons.
§ 57. Church Discipline.
§ 58. Church Schisms.
CHAPTER V: Christian Worship.
§ 59. Places of Common Worship.
§ 60. The Lord’s Day.
§ 61. The Christian Passover. (Easter).
§ 62. The Paschal Controversies.
§ 63. Pentecost.
§ 64. The Epiphany
§ 65. The Order of Public Worship.
§ 66. Parts of Worship.
§ 67. Division of Divine Service. The Disciplina Arcani.
§ 68. Celebration of the Eucharist.
§ 69. The Doctrine of the Eucharist.
§ 70. The Celebration of Baptism.
§ 71. The Doctrine of Baptism.
§ 72. Catechetical Instruction and Confirmation.
§ 73. Infant Baptism.
§ 74. Heretical Baptism.
CHAPTER VI: Christian Art.
§ 75. Literature.
§ 76. Origin of Christian Art.