Name Date Period

HES: CHAPTER 10 Study Guide – RISK, TOXICOLOGY, AND HUMAN HEALTH

10-1 Risk, Probability, and Hazards

  1. How is risk defined?
  1. The major types of hazards people face are cultural hazards, chemical hazards, physical hazards, and biological hazards. Give examples of each.

HAZARD / EXAMPLES
CULTURAL
CHEMICAL
PHYSICAL
BIOLOGICAL

10-2 Toxicology

  1. Several factors influence the toxicity of a substance. Define the underlined terms below:
  2. Dose –
  1. Describe the graph below (also seen on p. 205):

  1. Solubility –
  1. Persistence –
  1. Bioaccumulation –
  1. Biomagnifications –
  1. Describe what is represented in the diagram below.

  1. Antagonistic interactions –
  1. Synergistic interactions –
  1. Case reports and epidemiological studies are used to estimate toxicity. For each of the ways we study toxins describe how each method contributes to the understanding of toxicity.

Physicians’ Case Reports
Epidemiological Studies
Laboratory experiments
  1. The definition of a poison is any material that has an LD50 of less than 50 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. In the spaces below, define:
  2. LD50 –

b. Describe the dose-response curve belowin your own words. What is the LD50 dose?

10-3 Chemical Hazards

  1. Toxic chemicals, those fatal to more than 50% of test animals, may be of three types: mutagens, teratogens, and carcinogens. Define and give an example of each.

TERM / DEFINE / EXAMPLE
Mutagens
Teratogens
Carcinogens
  1. The body’s immune, nervous, and endocrine systems are harmed by toxic chemicals in the environment. Describe what each system does in a human body.

Immune
Nervous
Endocrine
  1. Some human-made chemicals, called endocrine disrupters, appear to disrupt people’s immune functions. Draw two diagrams – one to show how hormone mimics work and another to show how hormone blockers stop hormone activity.
  1. Very few everyday chemicals have been evaluated for toxicity, so we know almost nothing about their effects. Give two reasons why we know so little about those synergistic effects.

10-4 Biological Hazards: Disease in Developed and Developing Countries

  1. Because of the interconnectedness of life today, transmissible diseases are of special concern. Define transmissible diseases and give two examples of how disease organisms can rapidly spread through a population.

TERM / DEFINITION / EXAMPLES
Transmissible Diseases / 1.
2.

B.Infectious agents that spread transmissible diseases are called ______.

a.Infectious disease still cause about one of every ______deaths each year.

b.Some infectious bacteria have genetic immunity to ______.

c.Many disease-carrying ______are immune to pesticides.

  1. The world faces a rise in the incidence of infectious bacterial diseases.
  2. Bacteria are said to be very adaptable. Describe what that means. What changes in the bacteria make it so adaptable?
  1. Describe three ways that bacteria can be easily spread around the world.
  1. Consider antibacterial hand soap. Describe how something so ubiquitous (everywhere) can cause a rapid mutation of bacteria.
  1. Viral diseases also present threats to human health, especially AIDS.
  1. Describe how avaccine works. Explain why doctors must rely on vaccines, and NOT antibiotics, to stop viral diseases.
  1. List, identify the type (bacterial, viral, etc.), and describe the symptoms of the world’s seven deadliest infectious diseases:

DISEASE / TYPE / DESCRIPTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
  1. Reducing the incidence of infectious disease is possible. List and describe three ways to reduce the incidence of infectious disease.

10-5 Risk Analysis

  1. Define Risk Analysis –
  1. How are statistical probabilities and epidemiological studies used to estimate risk?
  1. How are models used to estimate risk?
  1. After poverty and gender, what lifestyle choices pose the greatest risks to people?
  1. How can a technological system be made more foolproof? What are the risks associated with that?
  1. The results of risk analysis must be evaluated, while some people advocate that a more useful emphasis would be on alternative assessment instead of risk assessment. Explain in your own words what this means.
  1. What questions does risk management involve?
  1. Why do people perceive risks inaccurately? (For example, why is flying in a plane often considered riskier than riding in a car?)