APUSHHISTORICAL PERIOD 1 REVIEW

GOTTA KNOWS!Overview of Period 1: 1491 – 1607 /Era ofConquest

Beginning of Period (1491) =Pre-­‐ColumbianAmerica,pre-­‐ColumbianExchange,NativeAmericanlifewithoutEuropean explorers/colonizers runningaround.

What do I absolutely have toknow?

1.Native American life pre and post Europeancontact.

a.Examples: Maize production, nomadic hunter/gathering, Pueblo,Northeast

AtlantictribeslikeAlgonquin,Powhatan,Iroquoisdevelopedpermanentvillages,THENhorses,guns,disease,ColumbianExchange

2.European Patterns ofConquest/Colonization:

a.Spain: God, Gold & Glory! New World a source of precious metal and religiousconversion,NativeAmericans=peopletobeconvertedtoChristianity…settledcentraland South America,Caribbean; encomienda

b.England: NewWorldasourceofpreciousmetalandrawmaterial–settlercolonies – Native Americans = savages…settled Atlanticseacoast

c.France: NewWorld=sourceforrawmaterialslikefur–Natives=friendsand trading partners….settled Canada and Ohio River Valley

3.Interactions between Natives and Europeanpeople.

a.Examples:EncomiendaSystem,Mestizos,FurTraders,ColumbianExchange,Columbus vs. Las Casas, Trade,Smallpox

End of Period 1 = Founding of Jamestown in 1607. First Permanent English colony in theNewWorld.

MAJOR THEMES IN HISTORICAL PERIOD 1

1491-1607

Native American Civilization(Pre-Columbian)

Developed civilizations ("sedentary societies"—non-migratory)—late-StoneAge

  • Incas inPeru
  • Mesoamerica: Aztecs in Mexico, and Mayans in Yucatan (earlier) developedadvanced agricultural techniques based primarily oncorn.
  • Built stone-carved cities rivaling many inEurope.
  • Studied mathematics andastronomy
  • Men and women worked fields and families saved surpluses fortrade.

North American Indians were generally less developed : most were "semi-sedentary"by Columbus’ time

  • Most people lived in small scattered nomadicsettlements.
  • Some agriculture, probably developed bywomen
  • Men were the hunters; women thegatherers
  • Among Eastern Woodlands Indians, women did the farming (except tobacco);much "slash and burn"agriculture
  • Later, Europeans sought to turn men into farmers; Indian men saw it as "women'swork"
  • Indian males enjoyed much leisure time (like the Europeanaristocracy)
  • Most societies were matrilineal and matrilocal: women owned the property (e.g.Iroquois)
  • Few cared to acquire more property than could be carried from one site toanother.
  • Antithesis to European capitalism; Europeans saw them as poorconsumers
  • No individual land ownership (even in sedentarysocieties)
  • Clans or families guarded their "use rights" to land allocated bychiefs.
  • Extensive trade in the Ohio and Mississippi Rivervalleys
  • Most important man in the tribe was the man who gave the mostaway
  • Trade was not like a contract in the Europeansense
  • When trade stopped it was tantamount to declaringwar.

Civilized societies in North America (exceptions to the predominance of less-developed tribeson thecontinent)

  • Pueblo Indians: Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico, Arizona, southwestColorado o Corn planting, elaborate irrigation systems, multi-storied and terraceddwellings o Some Pueblo villages are still among the oldest in NorthAmerica
  • Mound Builder civilizations in the Mississippi and OhioValleys
  • Mississippian culture (e.g. Cahokia near E. St. Louis) perhaps rivaledEgyptian architecture; home to as many as 40,000 people (c. 1000-1700CE)
  • Central mound, 100 ft. high, world’s largest earthen work; largest city north ofMexico
  • Iron tools, wore woven fabrics, buried dead in collectivegraves
  • Trade spanned from Appalachians to Rockies; Great Lakes to Gulf ofMexico.
  • Atlantic seaboard tribes began growing maize, beans, & squash (c.1000CE)
  • Creeks practiced democratic stylegovernment
  • Choctaw and Cherokee were alsoprominent
  • Iroquois in upstate NY built strong military confederacy (led by Hiawatha, late 16thc.)
  • Consisted of Five Nations: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and theSenecas.
  • The "longhouse" was the foundation of Iroquois culture: 8 to 200 ft inlength.

Religious differences between Amerindians andEuropeans

  • Christian view:
  • Bible: God gave Adam dominion over animals andplants.
  • Bible did not mention Amerindians. What were they? From where did theycome?
  • Sacrificial temples, skull racks, cannibalism and snake motifs of Mesoamericameant Aztecs worshipped Satan in the eyes ofEuropeans.
  • Yet, 100,000 "witches" were killed in Europe between 1500-1700 inEurope
  • Spanish Inquisition burned thousands of“heretics”
  • Amerindians saw these too as humansacrifices
  • Amerindianview:
  • Amerindians had nothing in comparison for commodification of plants andanimals.
  • Christians ate their own god (Eucharist) but less outraged at lesser human sacrificeto please Indian god. (Very confusing.)
  • Amerindians had no concept of heaven (in the Christian sense); disliked Christianheaven because few souls there were Indian; preferred to be buried with the ownancestors.

Differences inWar

  • Amerindians were curious why Europeans sought decisive battles on an openbattlefield.
  • Saw it as tremendous waste of humans who could be used for replenishment orsacrifice
  • Used guerrilla-type warfare.
  • Europeans made poor torture victims (exceptJesuits)
  • Europeans could not easily catch Amerindianwarriors.
  • Resorted often to killing women andchildren.
  • Pequot War in 1630s was the most gruesomeexample
  • By King Philip’s War (1670s), Amerindians had learned this lesson well anddestroyed Puritan villages, killingnon-combatants.
  • Amerindians often captured children of other tribes and assimilatedthem.
  • Adult warriors were often sacrificed in Mesoamerica; Iroquois had an all-night tortureritual from "Mourning Wars" where Iroquois women sought retribution for death of a lovedone (even if the tortured warrior was not from sametribe).
  • European weapons deeply intensified warfare amongAmerindians.
  • Ohio region depopulated in late-17th century in a matter of decades whenIroquois defeated Hurons andAlgonquins.
  • 1690s, French and Algonquins turn the tide and forced the Iroquois toneutrality.

Impact of Colonization on Amerindians andEuropeans

ImperialGoals:

  • Mercantilism: each empire sought economic self-sufficiency and increasedwealth
  • Conversion of Amerindians (commitment to conversion varied among thedifferent empires)

Summary ofrelations:

France: trade and conversion

  • Sought trade with Indians (especially fur); Indians gained firearms andalcohol
  • French fur traders befriended Indians in New France(Canada)
  • Jesuit missionaries sought to convert them through example, notforce.
  • Made friends with Algonquins and Huron ensuring the survival ofQuebec.
  • Iroquois League in NY prevented French from spreading into NY and OhioValley
  • After the end of King William’s War in 1697, Iroquois remainedneutral
  • French expansion into Mississippi Valley resulted in trade relations with southeastIndians

Spain: convert and exploit : “God, Gold, and Glory”

  • Juan de Oñate established New Mexico,1598
  • Retaliated against Pueblo Indians at Acoma by killing 800 and enslaving 600others
  • Pueblos submitted to Spanish demands for labor and food, especially duringdroughts
  • Sought to Christianize Indians: mission system in CA & Southwest (17th & 18thc.)
  • Forbade practice of Indian religion; practices drivenunderground
  • Santa Fe made capital of New Mexico in1610
  • Forced labor: encomienda system
  • Spain introduced horses and sheep which transformed theregion
  • Nearly 90% of Pueblo population died between 1550 and1680
  • Intermarriage between Spaniards and Indians:mestizos
  • Popes Rebellion (Pueblo Revolt), 1680, in Santa Fe drove out the Spanish for over adecade
  • Later, Spanish authorities accepted Indian traditions so long as Indians attendedMass.
  • Tucson, Arizona established as a Spanish outpost in1701
  • Missions established in Texas in the early 1700s (e.g. San Antonio in 1718, theAlamo)

England: removal orextermination

  • Pilgrims established good relations with Chief Massasoit of theWampanoags
  • Squanto served as an effectiveintermediary
  • Purchased land from Indians for creation of PlymouthPlantation
  • First Thanksgiving held in 1621 between Indians andPilgrims
  • Puritans in New England tried conversion but it failed: “prayingtowns”
  • Pequot War (1630s) and formation of the New England Confederation(1643)
  • King Philip’s War(1676)
  • Pennsylvania: Quakers (as pacifists) had good relations withIndians
  • Chesapeake:
  • John Smith established tenuous relations withPowhatans.
  • English settlers helped by Powhatans withfood
  • Marriage between John Rolfe and Pocahantas sought to create peace (didn’t lastlong)
  • Virginia colony took more Indian land for growingtobacco
  • Anglo-Powhatan Wars with Powhatans led to their eventual removal from easternVA
  • Bacon’s Rebellion in 1670s resulted in violence against Indians on thefrontier
  • Carolinas:
  • 1711, Tuscarora resistance failed; moved north to become 6th Iroquoisnation
  • Yamasee rebelled in 1715 against advancing settlers and corrupt traders fromCharleston
  • Captured and sold Indians into slavery inBarbados
  • France’s defeat in the French and Indian War meant English settlers would aggressivelymove into Indian lands in the North Americaninterior.

Dutch in the 17th century: New York (NewNetherlands)

  • Dutch East Indian Co. established New Netherlands along the Hudson River Valley inNY
  • Sought trade fur trade with theIroquois
  • Peter Minuit purchased Manhattan from local Amerindians to serve asfortress.
  • Eventually, unregulated trade resulted in violent wars with coastalIndians

90% of Amerindians died between 1492 and1600

Europeans introduced horses, guns, alcohol, Christianity; Indians introduced potatoes,corn, cocoa,coffee