Geography, History, and Social Sciences

NAME:______PERIOD:______DATE:______

Chapter 1

Geography, History, and Social Sciences

8th Grade Social Studies

Chapter 1 – Section 1 – Thinking Geographically

Key Terms to know:

• Geography
• Latitude
• Longitude
• Natural resources
• Irrigation
• Cartographer
• Map projection
• Thematic map

Questions to be able to answer for the test:

1. How do the five themes of geography help define the connections between geography and history?
2. How did geography influence population trends in United States history?
3. How are maps made and used?

Guided Notes

What is Geography?

•Geography is the study of ______, their ______, and their ______.

•Geographers ask how the environment affects people and how people affect the environment.

•Geography is linked to ______.

The 5 Themes of Geography:

1. Location

Exact location describes ______.

•Lines of ______measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian (Greenwich, England).

•Lines of ______measure distance north and south from the Equator.

Relative location describes the location of a place in relation to some other place.

2. Place – describes ______.

•Physical features—climate, soil, vegetation, animal life, bodies of water, and natural resources, for example.

•Human features—types of housing, transportation, jobs, languages, and religions, for example.

3. Interaction

•People ______to the land

•People ______the land, through crops, irrigation, pest control, and drilling for oil, for example

Key Terms:

______- materials humans take from the environment to satisfy their needs

______- bringing water to dry lands

4. Movement

•People

•Goods

•Ideas

•It occurs because people and resources are ______

•Examples in history:

5. Regions

•Unifying ______characteristics-climates, landforms

•Unifying ______characteristics-language, culture

Geography and Population Trends – Use Nystrom Atlas and book to fill in the blanks.

•______- People lived along the Atlantic coast or near other water transportation.

•______- With new forms of transportation, people moved westward and cleared land for farms.

•______- White settlers overcame Native Americans and settled the West.

•______- People were attracted to cities with mild climates in the south and west.

Cartographers Make Maps and Globes

Cartographers make maps using different map projections for different purposes.

•Cartographer- ______

•______– A drawing of the surface of the Earth or part of the Earth.

•______– A sphere with a map of the Earth printed on it.

•Map projections—ways to show the earth on a flat surface. Types of map projections are ______and ______.

Cartographers make different types of maps for different purposes.

•______maps show physical features such as mountains and bodies of water.

•______maps show countries, states, and capitals and other cities.

•______deal with specific topics-population, rainfall, vegetation, or elections, for example.

Chapter 1 – Section 2 - Land Climates of the United States

Key Terms:

• Isthmus
• Elevation
• Erosion
• Tributary
• Weather
• Climate
• Precipitation
• Altitude

Question answer for the test:

•What are the main physical regions of the United States?

•How do rivers and lakes affect American life?

•How do climates vary across the United States?

Guided Notes

Where is the United States?

•Arctic Ocean and Canada to the ______.

•Atlantic Ocean to the ______.

•Pacific Ocean to the ______.

•Mexico, Central America, and the Isthmus of Panama to the ______.

Key Terms:

______.—narrow strip of land linking two larger areas of land

Physical Regions of the United States

Region / Where / What

Key Term: ______- height above sea level

How Rivers and Lakes Affect Climates

•Provide water for ______.

•Serve as a means of ______.

•Used as ______.

Important American Waterways

• Mississippi-MissouriRiver System

•Main branches

•______.

•______.

•Tributaries

•______.

•______.

•______.

•______.

•______.

•Other major rivers

•______.

•______.

•______.

•Great Lakes- ______

•______.

•______.

•______.

•______.

•______.

Key Term: ______- stream or smaller river that flows into a larger one

Climate and Weather Terms

•______.- condition of the atmosphere at any given time or place

•______. - the average weather of a place over 20 or 30 years

•______. - water that falls as rain, sleet, hail, or snow

•______. - height of the land above sea level

•What factors influence the climate of a region?

Varying Climates of the United States

Climate / Where / What

Chapter 1 – Section 3 – Tools of History

Key Terms to know:

•Primary source

•Secondary source

•Authenticity

•Bias

•Artifact

•Archaeology

•Culture

•Chronology

Questions to be able to answer for the test:

•How do historians evaluate and interpret historical evidence?

•How do archaeologists add to our knowledge of history?

•What can we learn about history by understanding chronology and eras?

Three steps historians use to evaluate and interpret historical evidence:

1. Collecting Evidence

•______.-firsthand information – Examples:

•______.-accounts by people who did not witness an event; based on primary sources – Examples:

1. Evaluating Evidence

•______- whether the source is what it seems to be

•______- whether the source is accurate

•______- leaning toward or against a certain person, group, or idea

1. Interpreting Evidence

•Determine the cause of a development or event – History repeats itself

•Historians have their own biases – interpretations change over time

•Remember: So what and why????

Archaeologists add knowledge to history:

•Archaeology is ______.

•Archaeologists study ______which are ______.

•Archaeologists form theories about the ______(a people’s way of life) of ancient peoples.

•What types of techniques do archaeologists use to analyze artifacts?

Why do we study history?

•______.

•______.

•______.

•______.

Chronology is important to understanding history:

•______—sequence of events over time

•Answers the question of ______

•______—exact time, in centuries, years, days, and so forth

•______—time of an event in relation to the time of another event – helps understand connections between events

Chapter 1 – Section 4 – Economics and Other Social Sciences

Key Terms:

•Economics

•Consumer

•Cash economy

•Free enterprise system

•Social sciences

•Political science

•Civics

•Anthropology

•Sociology

•Psychology

Questions to be able to answer:

•What basic questions do economists ask about society?

•What are the benefits of free enterprise?

•How can the social sciences support the study of history?

Guided Notes

Economists Ask Three Basic Questions About Society:

1. What goods and services should we produce?

•______.

•______.

•______.

•______.

•______.

2. How should we produce them?

•______.

•______.

•______.

3. For whom should we produce them?

•______.

Key Terms:

______—the study of how people manage their limited resources to satisfy their wants and needs

______—user of goods and services

______—economic system where people exchange money for goods and services – Income and wealth determines what you can consume

The Free Enterprise System
Characteristics:

•______.

•______.

•______.

Benefits:

•______.

•______.

•______.

Social Sciences - studies that relate to human society and social behavior

Social Science / Study of…. / Example