Frontiers of Biotechnology
Chapter 9
Mr. Scott
Manipulating DNA
•How can scientists manipulate the code?
•Scientists use their knowledge of the ______and its chemical properties to ______DNA molecules.
Manipulating DNA
•Tools of Molecular Biology
–Genetic Engineering
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–DNA Extraction
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•Use a chemical to separate the DNA from the rest of the cell parts (an alcohol)
Manipulating DNA
–Cutting DNA
•DNA molecules are very long
•Restriction enzymes
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•Restriction Site
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•Hundreds of different restriction sites from enzymes
Manipulating DNA
•Sticky ends –
–Pieces can ______
–Used in biotechnology
Manipulating DNA
– Separating DNA
• Gel electrophoresis
– A mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of a porous gel (______), and an electric voltage is applied to the gel
–The molecules will move from ______
Manipulating DNA
•Restriction Maps
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–Can be used to study mutations
Manipulating DNA
Copying DNA
•PCR or Polymerase chain reaction
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•Use strands of DNA that are called ______
Copying DNA
•3 – Step Process
–Need DNA to be copied, 4 bases, and two primers
•Primers – short segment of used for starting point
•Steps
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DNA Fingerprinting
•DNA Fingerprinting
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–______and run through gel electrophoresis
DNA Fingerprinting
•Greatest differences in DNA are found in regions not used for genes
–Each person has ______
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DNA Fingerprinting
•Indentification and Probability
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DNA Fingerprinting
•Uses of Fingerprinting
–Criminal cases
–Family relations
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Genetic Engineering
•Cloning
–Clone –
•Gene or organism
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–Dolly –
–Controversial
Genetic Engineering
•Cloning has potential benefits.
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•Cloning raises concerns.
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–clones ______than original animal
–decreased biodiversity
Genetic Engineering
•Genetic Engineering
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–Can insert healthy genes or cloned genes
Manipulating DNA
–Cutting and Pasting
•Recombinant DNA
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•DNA synthesizers
–Enzymes join ______of DNA with natural pieces
Genetic Engineering
•Transforming Bacteria
–Foreign DNA is joined to plasmid
•Plasmid –
•Genetic marker – a gene that ______(that is marked) and which bacteria are not.
Genetic Engineering
•Transformation
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–This external DNA becomes part of the cells DNA
Genetic Engineering
•New genes can be added to an organism’s DNA.
–Genetic engineering involves ______DNA to give it new traits.
–Genetic engineering is based on the use of ______.
–Recombinant DNA contains genes from more than one organism.
Genetic Engineering
•Transgenic Organisms
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–Firefly and tobacco plant
–Genetic engineering has ______
Genetic Engineering
• Transforming Plant Cells
–Using ______and cause tumors
–Taking away the cell wall some plant cells ______
–If successful recombinant DNA will be found in a chromosome of the cell
Genetic Engineering
•Transforming Animal Cells
–DNA can be ______
–Enzymes help insert the new DNA into the eggs existing DNA
–New DNA contains ______that tell which cells picked up the DNA
Genetic Engineering
–Transgenic microorganisms
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•Uses:
–Can grow human proteins
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Genetic Engineering
–Transgenic Animals
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•No more food poisoning
•Grow human proteins
Genetic Engineering
•Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions.
–Transgenic mice used to study development and disease
–Gene knockout mice used to ______
•Leptin –
Genetic Engineering
–Transgenic Plants
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•Grow vitamins or proteins
Genomics and Bioinformatics
•Genomics______
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–Comparisons of genomes within and across species
Genomics and Bioinformatics
•DNA Sequencing
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–Genomes of several different organisms have been sequenced
Genomics and Bioinformatics
•The Human Genome Project
–Has sequenced all of the DNA base pairs of human chromosomes.
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–Still working to identify and map human genes
Genomics and Bioinformatics
•Technology and Genes
–Bioinformatics
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–DNA microarrays
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–Proteomics
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•Genetic screening can detect genetic disorders.
–Determines risk ______
–Used to ______
–Can ______related to an increasedrisk of cancer
–Can detect some genes______
Genetic Screening and Therapy
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•Several experimental techniques are used for gene therapy.
–Genetically engineered viruses used to “infect” a patient’s cells
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Genetic Screening and Therapy
•Gene therapy has many technical challenges.
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