Expansion, Absolutism, Scientific and Political Revolutions: 1572-1789
Commercial Revolution
Mercantilism
Mercantilists argued that strong government must establish overseas colonies.
Spain
Habsburg
Charles V, HRE (1500 -1558)
Philip II (1556 - 1598)
England
Tudor
Elizabeth I (1558 - 1603)
Witnessed a Golden Age
Moderated between Catholics and Protestant sects.
The English fleet defeated Spain’s “Invincible Armada” (1588)
Stuart
James I (1603 - 1625)
Believed in divine right of kings: received their power from God and are only responsible to God.
Commissioned the King James Version of the Bible
Established colonies in North America
Persecuted Puritans (Calvinists) and non-conformists.
Charles I (1625 - 1649)
Petition of Right (1628)
No taxes without the consent of Parliament
No imprisonment without cause
No quartering of soldiers on the citizenry
No martial law in peacetime
The King violated this document. His wife, Henrietta Maria, sister of Louis XIII, was a propagandist for the Catholic Church and contributed to the civil war.
English Civil War
Cromwell formed New Model Army. Puritan “Round Heads” defeat the Royalists “Cavaliers”.
The Commonwealth (1649 - 1660)
Oliver Cromwell heads the government as Lord Protector. As a military hero, he eventually sets up a military dictatorship. He purges from parliament those who do not support him. The Rump Parliament was what portion of the parliament that remained.
Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan in 1651 as a response to the Commonwealth.
Restoration of Monarchy
Charles II, “The Merry Monarch” (1660 - 1685)
Navigation Acts
James II (1685 - 1688)
He became Catholic and remarried while England expected his daughter Mary to succeed him. James flees England with the announcement of the birth of a son.
Glorious Revolution
Parliament invites Mary and her husband William of Orange to rule jointly as monarchs to prevent the succession of a Catholic monarch.
English Bill of Rights
Monarchs are now limited in their power.
Parliament authority is now unquestioned.
Individual liberties (“life, liberty and property”) are strengthened.
John Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government that addresses social contract and natural rights. The purpose of government is to protect natural rights: life, liberty and property.
William III (1689 - 1702) and Mary II (1689-1694)
Irish Catholics start a Royalist uprising. The James II and the Irish are defeated at the Battle of the Boyne.
War of the League of Augsburg
Anne (1702 - 1714)
War of Spanish Succession
Absolutism
A system of government where a ruler holds total power.
France
Valois
Henry II (1547 - 1559)
Catherine de Medici
Religious Conflict
Francis II (1559 -1560)
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
Charles IX (1560 - 1574)
French Wars of Religion (1562 -1598)
Admiral Coligny, leading Huguenot is advisor
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572
Henry of Navarre (Bourbon)and Marguerite Valois
Henry III (1574 - 1589)
Bourbon
Henry IV (1589-1610)
Marie de Medici
“Paris is worth a Mass.”
“... a chicken in every pot.”
Edict of Nantes (1598) Ends the French religious wars and continues to try to protect Protestants. Huguenots are tolerated and are permitted to live in fortified towns.
Henry sought to eliminate government waste, reduce corruption, and promote trade by improving transportation
Assassinated in public
Louis XIII (1610-1643)
Cardinal Richelieu (1610 - 1642)
Estates General called in 1614.
He sought to weaken the Habsburg power. He introduced the principle of Balance of Power by siding with the protestants in the Thirty Years War.
France emerges the dominant power of Europe.
He curbed the power of Nobles and the Huguenots.
Cardinal Mazarin (1642 - 1661)
Served the regency of Anne of Austria and continued policies of Richelieu in a less imperious manner.
Nobility uprising following new economic policies; these policies were discontinued, leaving the young Louis XIV distrustful of the nobility.
Louis XIV (1643 - 1715)
France enters its golden age.
Moved the Court to his new palace Versailles
Patron of the Arts
Code Louis (1667)
Colbert Chief Economic minister
Increases Intendants and nobles of the Robe.
Revocation of Edict of Nantes (1685): talent driven from the nation
Lingua franca is established as the international language of diplomacy.
A series of wars to expand borders strain the treasury.
Franco-Dutch War (1672 - 1678)
War of the League of Augsburg, (1689 - 1697)
War of Spanish Succession, (1702 - 1714)
Philip of Anjou (Bourbon) to be put on the Spanish throne.
Louis XV (1715 - 1774)
Two wars
War of Austrian Succession (1744 – 1748)
Seven Years War (1756 - 1763)
Devastating French loss of North America, the Caribbean and India.
Louis XVI (1774 - 1792)
Marie Antoinette (Habsburg)
Scientific Revolution
Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626)
The Scientific Method
Johannes Kepler (1571 -1630)
Proved the accuracy of Nicholas Copernicus’s Theory of planetary motion (heliocentric view) using Brahe’s methods of observation and measurement.
Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642)
Telescope and the Law of the Pendulum
His life was in peril for writings that were not accepted by the Church.
Andreas Vesalius (1515 - 1564)
Father of Modern Anatomy
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 -1723)
Father of Micro Biology, he made many significant discoveries with his hand crafted microscope.
Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650)
Father of Analytic Geometry and Founder of Modern Philosophy, he is noted for beginning his approach,
“Cogito ergo sum.”
Isaac Newton (1643 -1727)
Creator of Calculus, author of Principia. He discovered the laws of Universal motion and likened the universe to a giant clock.
Philosophes
Voltaire (1694 -1778)
The most celebrated of the philosophes, he was a strong critic of authoritarian rule and demanded freedom of expression for all.
Baron de Montesquieu (1689 - 1755)
Spirit of Laws (1748) detailed a plan of government involving separation of powers and checks and balances to prevent the rise of tyranny.
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778)
Wrote the Social Contract: An entire society agrees to be governed by its general will.
Believed most strongly in direct democracy
One should balance heart with mind.
Teach to foster natural instincts.
Cesare Beccaria (1738 - 1794)
A Florentine who was critical of torture and the death penalty in his book On Crimes and Punishments. barbaric
Diderot’s Encyclopedia
It contained contemporary ideas of science and philosophy
It also made arguments for social reform
The Salon
Hosted by aristocratic women, it was where intellectuals and writers shared and discussed their ideas.
Enlightened Monarchy
Influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers, the Philosophes favored this kind of government.
Russia
Romanov
Peter I, “The Great” (1682 - 1725)
Brought western ideas to Russia
Strengthened the central government (centralized)
Created a navy
Made St. Petersburg the capital
Introduced bureaucracy modeled from the French
Made French the language of the Court
The Court is to adopt Western European dress and appearance
All classes are to serve the state in some way.
Catherine II, “The Great” (1762 - 1796)
Granted greater freedoms for the upper class
Partition of Poland
Austria
Habsburg
Maria Theresa (1740 - 1780)
She is the cause of the War for Austrian Succession.
Prussia
Hohenzollern
Frederick William I (1713 - 1740)
Frederick II, “The Great” (1740 - 1786)
Great Britain
Hanover
George I (1714 - 1727)
George II (1727 - 1760)
War of Austrian Succession (1744 - 1748)
Culloden (1745)
Seven Years War (1756 - 1763)
George III (1760 - 1820)
Parliament and the king pursued policies that drove enthusiastic colonists to revolutionaries.
The American Revolution 1763 - 1789
Causes
Economic: The Parliament taxes the colonists without consent for the purpose of revenue to pay for the last war.
Political: The colonies already were largely self-sufficient and no longer faced a threat from France. Another reason is salutary neglect.
French and Indian War, 1763
Proclamation Line, 1763
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Stamp Act, 1765 Stamp Act Congress
Organized Protest
Repeal of Stamp Act, 1766
Declaratory Act, 1766
Quartering Act
Townshend Duties
Admiralty Courts Organized Protest
Boston Massacre, 1770
Tea Act Boston Tea Party, 1773
Coercive Acts
Martial Law First Continental Congress, 1774
The importance of Ben Franklin
Second Continental Congress
Early Battles
Lexington & Concord
Defending English Liberties
Bunker Hill
Pyrrhic victory for British
The importance of George Washington
Olive Branch Petition: The King would not read it. At this time he hired German Mercenaries.
Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations is published in 1776 to propose a better imperial economic policy involving laissez faire, government should not regulate the economy.
The importance of John Adams
New York, 1776
The importance of Thomas Jefferson:
The eloquence of the Declaration of Independence,
Student of political theory, founder of our two political parties
Gifted mind and had the curiosity to know more.
Declaration of Independence:
A product of Locke’s Natural Law
Saratoga, 1777: Turning point of the War, where Burgoyne surrendered to Gates.
French Alliance, 1778: France provides the most financial support and material aid to the American cause.
Valley Forge, 1777 – 1778: Where the American Army standardizes its drill.
Southern Campaign: British plan to capture the southern cities is at quite successful, but capturing the remaining American forces in the back country proves elusive. Victory was too costly.
Yorktown, 1781: Cornwallis surrenders to Washington. The British decide to end the war after this defeat.
Articles of Confederation 1781 – 1788): The weak central government had difficulty preserving freedom with powerful sovereign states.
Treaty of Paris, 1783: Western boundary extended to the Mississippi, south to Spanish Florida. Americans agree to reparations to loyalists.
Problems facing the new nation: Debt, trade, inflation,
The Constitution: A series of compromises and created in an atmosphere of fear. The ideas of Montesquieu are incorporated in the document.
Checks and balances
Separation of Powers
Delegated and Reserved Powers
Bill of Rights
Inauguration of George Washington