EXAM 4 REVIEW, BIOL 255 SI
Unit 4E
1) The respiratory zone is the site of gas ______and consist of______, alveolar ducts, and______, while the conducting zone provides a ______for air to reach the ____ of gas change and include other respiratory structure such as the______, nasal cavity, ______and trachea and also the respiratory muscles such as the ______and other muscles allowing ventilation.
2) Functions of the nasal mucosa and conchae during inhalation are to______, heat, and ______, while during exhalation they reclaim ______and moisture to minimize heat and ______loss.
3) The Nasopharynx lies posterior to the nasal cavity is strictly an air ______and is lined with ______columnar epithelium. The ______(auditory/Eustachian) tube open into the ______walls of the nasopharynx. While the oropharynx serves as a common passageway for ______and ______and its epithelial lining is composed of protective ______squamous epithelium.
4) The laryngopharynx serves as a common passageway for ______and and is continuous with the______. It has 3 functions: to provide a patent______, provide a ______mechanism to route air and food into proper channels with the use of the______, which is elastic cartilage covering the laryngeal inlet during______, and finally ______production.
5) Vocal ligaments attach the ______cartilage to the ______cartilage which are lined with mucosal folds called ______vocal cords. The medial opening between them is the ______and these fibrate to produce ______as air rushes up from the______. While the false vocal cords or ______fold are the mucosal folds ______to the true vocal cords. The ______vocal cords play no part in sound______, but close the glottis when swallowing or holding your______.
6) Speech is produced with the ______release of expired air while opening and closing the______, while pitch is determined by the length and ______of the vocal cords along with the bigger/smaller the thyroid cartilage the lower/higher the voice and loudness depends upon the ______of air rushing across the vocal cords. The pharynx resonates, ______and enhances sound quality.
7) The bronchial tree is composed of the larynx, trachea, ______and______. The right and left ______begin at the last tracheal cartilage which is referred to as the______. The bronchi subdivide into ______bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lungs, and then subdivide again to form ______bronchi.
8) Bronchioles consist of ______epithelium with a complete layer of circular ______muscle and lack ______support and ______producing cells. The last segment of the bronchioles as they enter the respiratory zone are referred to as ______bronchioles where they feed into the ______bronchioles defined by the present of______.
9) The alveolar wall is a single layer of type I epithelial cell that permit ______exchange by simple ______and also secrete ______converting enzyme that helps ______blood pressure when needed and along with type II cells that secrete ______which reduces surface ______on the alveoli and allow them to keep ______and expanded.
10) Peripheral chemoreceptors at the ______and ______bodies which detect the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide to ______respiration via the______.
11) The medullary respiratory centers contain the D______R______G______(DRG) which is the ______respiratory center, it ______the inspiratory muscles and set the normal breathing rate referred to as______, and is ______during expiration. Also located here is the V______R______G______(VRG) which is the ______area involved in ______inspiration and expiration.
12) The pons respiratory centers ______and ______the activity of the medullary centers by ______the transitions between inspirations and______. The pneumotaxic area continuously ______inspiration centers and the apneustic area ______inspiration centers as in the case of taking a long ______breath.
Unit 4A
13) Blood circulates away from the heart via______, which carry blood ______from the______. This blood can be deoxygenated at times and also oxygen-______at other times. The main point is that ______carries blood ______from the______.
14) Blood circulates back to the heart via______, which brings blood back to the ______. This blood can be ______-rich at times and also ______at other times. The main point is that ______bring blood ______to the______.
15) Blood will clot when there is no ______present and this produces ______and the blood______. The ______blood cells form the ______by using the ______that was present in the______, so the serum has fewer ______than plasma.
16) The extracellular fluids include blood ______which has more ______than lymph or ______fluids which are fluids found ______red blood cells, ______blood cells and ______that are suspended in______. The ______in blood plasma helps pull ______back into the______.
17) In the production of formed element of the blood, ______is the formation of blood cells which takes place in the ______bone marrow. Here red blood cell production is referred to as______. The presents of reticulocytes, which are ______red blood cells, indicates that ______is taking place, while production of White Blood Cells is referred to as______.
18) In a Red Blood Cell count there are ___-___million Red Blood Cells percubic millimetres, which is about the size of the head of a pin. The number of reticulocytes increase with rapid erythropoiesis is normally ____-____%.
19) Before birth blood cell formation takes place in the fetal ______sac, liver and______. By the 7th month red bone marrow is the primary ______area. The fetus has Hemoglobin F (HbF) in its RBC which has a ______affinity to oxygen than Adult hemoglobin (HbA). This allows oxygen transfer from maternal Hb___ to fetal Hb___.
4B
20) The left coronary artery which is located in the artioventricular groove or ______sulcus, supplies ______blood to the ______artery and the anterior ______artery which is located in the ______groove or sulcus.
21) The right ventricle pumps blood to the ______trunk and on to the lungs via pulmonary______, while the left ventricle, which has a much thicker ______because it pumps blood to the______, which distributes it to the coronary ______and the ______circulation.
22) The chordae ______connect ends of the ______valves to the ______muscles. When the ventricles fill the papillary muscles ______and the atrioventricular valves______. But then the ______contract, the papillary muscles also ______and pull on the ______which prevents the ______valves from prolapsing into the ______from back pressure.
23) In the sequence of excitation the ______(SA) node generated an impulse about 75 times a minute which stimulate the atria to ______and the impulse is passed to the ______(AV) node. The AV node ______the impulse for approximately 0.1 second, then the impulse passes from the AV node to the ______via the atrioventricular(AV) bundle often referred to as the Bundle of______.
24) Age related changes that affect the heart are ______which makes valves tougher and stiffer and also thickening of the valve______. There is also a ______in cardiac reserve and fibrosis or ______of the cardiac muscle, and finally atherosclerosis in which ______build up within the coronary______.
25) The heart is derived from______.
4C
26) Fluids escaping the circulatory system are returned by the ______vessels.
27) Large arteries like the aorta, are elastic or ______arteries. There is not a lot of vasoconstriction taking place. These are ______walled have less ______muscle in the tunica media layer. They allow ______resistance conduction of blood and can withstand and diminish large blood ______fluctuations.
28) Arterioles, which are smaller______, have less ______fibers, are thinner and ______muscle. Arterioles regulate blood flow into ______by vasoconstriction or______.
29) The functions of the capillaries are: the ______of oxygen and carbon dioxide by______, ______of nutrients and ______and removal of ______wastes.
4D
30) Lymphoid cells are mainly lymphocytes ___cells and ___cells that protect the body against______, which are anything the body perceives as foreign, such as ______and their toxins, ______and mismatched transfused RBC or other transplanted ______as well as cancer cells.
31) T cells orchestrate ______responses in which the T cell, that mature in the______, attacks and destroys ______cells, while B cells produce ______cells which secrete ______which are proteins that bind______, tagging them for removal from the body. B cells mature in the bone______.
32) The functions of the lymph nodes are ______of macrophages which destroy microorganisms and debris entering via the ______lymphatic vessels and ______system activation which monitor for ______and initiate their removal.
33) Lymph nodes have two distinct regions, the ______which is the outer region and the ______which is the inner region. The cortex contains follicles with ______centers where you find ______B cells and ______cells. Housed deep within the cortex are ______cells in transit. These T cells circulate continuously surveying______, lymph ______and the lymphatic stream.
34) The spleen which is the ______lymphoid organ functions are the site of ______proliferation, ______surveillance and response (white pulp area), along with, cleansing the______, stores and breaks down products of old RBC’s referred to as______, stores ______for later use by bone marrow, it is the site of fetal ______production which normally ceases after birth and store blood ______(red pulp area).
35) Lymphatic organs arise from the ______except the thymus which is ______in origin. Other than the spleen and the tonsils, lymphoid organs are poorly ______at birth.