Period 1: 1490-1607 Activity Packet

European Exploration and the Columbian Exchange

Key Concept 1: Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other.

Key Concept 2: Motivated by economic, political and religious developments in European society, Portuguese and Spanish explorers encountered and then conquered much of the Western Hemisphere during the late 15th century and throughout the 16th century. The clash of cultures that resulted from this European colonization effort and what is known as the Columbian Exchange led to significant changes to the indigenous population of North America.

Pre-Columbian Native Americans

American Southwest
  1. What did it mean to be Puebloan?
  1. What is the climate and geography of this region like and how did it impact cultural development? Consider how maize impacted development.
/ The Great Plains
  1. What is the climate and geography of this region and how did it impact cultural development?
  1. How did arrival of Europeans impact the lives and culture of the plains Indians?

NortheastSoutheast
  1. What is the climate and geography of the Northeast and how did it impact cultural development?
  1. What is the climate and geography of the Southeast and how did it impact cultural development?
/ Northwest and Present-day California
  1. What is the climate and geography of the Northwest and how did it impact cultural development of American Indians of that region?
  1. What is the relationship between the climate and geography of central and northern California and the rise of the Pomo basket weaving culture?

Primary Source Analysis

Historical Context, Intended Audience, Purpose, Point of View

Document 1: Letters from Christopher Columbus to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

I have determined to write you this letter to inform you of everything thathas been done and discovered in this voyage of mine.

…In the island, which I have said before was calledHispana, there are very lofty and beautiful mountains, great farms, groves and fields, most fertile both for cultivation and for pasturage, and well adapted for constructing buildings. The convenience of the harbors in this island, and the excellence of the rivers, in volume and salubrity, surpass human belief, unless on should see them. In it the trees, pasture-lands and fruits different much from those of Juana. Besides, thisHispanaabounds in various kinds of species, gold and metals. The inhabitants ... are all, as I said before, unprovided with any sort of iron, and they are destitute of arms, which are entirely unknown to them, and for which they are not adapted; not on account of any bodily deformity, for they are well made, but because they are timid and full of terror. ... But when they see that they are safe, and all fear is banished, they are very guileless and honest, and very liberal of all they have. No one refuses the asker anything that he possesses; on the contrary they themselves invite us to ask for it. They manifest the greatest affection towards all of us, exchanging valuable things for trifles, content with the very least thing or nothing at all. ... I gave them many beautiful and pleasing things, which I had brought with me, for no return whatever, in order to win their affection, and that they might become Christians and inclined to love our King and Queen and Princes and all the people of Spain; and that they might be eager to search for and gather and give to us what they abound in and we greatly need.

. . . On my arrival at that sea, I had taken some Indians by force from the first island that I came to, in order that they might learn our language, and communicate to us what they knew respecting the country; which plan succeeded excellently, and was a great advantage to us, for in a short time, either by gestures and signs, or by words, we were enabled to understand each other. These men are still travelling with me, and although they have been with us now a long time, they continue to entertain the idea that I have descended from heaven; and on our arrival at any new place they published this, crying out immediately with a loud voice to the other Indians, “Come, come and look upon beings of a celestial race”: upon which both women and men, children and adults, young men and old, when they got rid of the fear they at first entertained, would come out in throngs, crowding the roads to see us, some bringing food, others drink, with astonishing affection and kindness. . . . .

Historical Context: / Intended Audience: / Purpose: / Point of View:

Document 2: Bartolome de las Casas, “A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies,” 1542

“It was upon these gentle lambs, imbued by the Creator with all the qualities we have mentioned, that from the very first day they clapped eyes on them the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. The pattern established at the outset has remained unchanged to this day, and the Spaniards still do nothing save tear the natives to shreds, murder them and inflict upon them untold misery, suffering and distress, tormenting, harrying and persecuting them mercilessly. We shall in due course describe some of the many ingenious methods of torture they have invented and refined for this purpose, but one can get some idea of the effectiveness of their methods from the figures alone. When the Spanish first journeyed there, the indigenous population of the island of Hispaniola stood at some three million; today only two hundred survive. The island of Cuba, which extends for a distance almost as great as that separating Valladolid from Rome, is now to all intents and purposes uninhabited;" and two other large, beautiful and fertile islands, Puerto Rico and Jamaica, have been similarly devastated. Not a living soul remains today on any of the islands of the Bahamas…The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola, a policy adopted by the Spaniards in an endeavour to make up losses among the indigenous population of that island…On the mainland, we know for sure that our fellow-countrymen have, through their cruelty and wickedness, depopulated and laid waste an area which once boasted more than ten kingdoms, each of them larger in area than the whole of the Iberian Peninsula. The whole region, once teeming with human beings, is now deserted over a distance of more than two thousand leagues: a distance, that is, greater than the journey from Seville to Jerusalem and back again.”

Historical Context: / Intended Audience: / Purpose: / Point of View:

Document 3: King Charles V of Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor, “New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians,” 1542

“…We command that with regard to the lading of the said Indians the Audiencias take especial care that they be not laden, or in case that in some parts this cannot be avoided that it be in such a manner that no risk of life, health and preservation of the said Indians may ensue from an immoderate burthen; and that against their own will and without their being paid, in no case be it permitted that they be laden, punishing very severely him who shall act contrary to this. In this there is to be no remission out of respect to any person.

We command that from all those persons who hold Indians without proper title, having entered into possession of them by their own authority, such Indians be taken away and be placed under our Royal Crown….And because we are informed that other persons, although possessing a sufficient title, have had an excessive number of Indians allotted to them, We order that the Audiencias, each in its jurisdiction diligently inform themselves of this, and with all speed, and reduce the allotments made to the said persons to a fair and moderate quantity, and then place the rest under our Royal Crown…So also, The said Audiencias are to inform themselves how the Indians have been treated by the persons who have held them in encomienda, and if it be clear that in justice they ought to be deprived of the said Indians for their excesses and the ill-usage to which they have subjected them, We ordain that they take away and place such Indians under our Royal Crown.”

Historical Context: / Intended Audience: / Purpose: / Point of View:

Document 4: Juan Gines de Sepulveda, “The Nature of Natives,” 1550

“Now compare these [Spanish] traits of prudence, intelligence, magnanimity, moderation, humanity, and religion with the qualities of these little men (hombrecillos) in whom you will scarcely fine even vestiges of humanity; who not only are devoid of learning but do not even have a written language; who preserve no monuments of their history, aside from some vague and obscure reminiscence of past events, represented by means of certain paintings; and who have no written laws but only barbaric customs and institutions. And if we are to speak of virtues, what moderation or mildness can you expect of men who are given to all kings of intemperance and wicked lusts, and who eat human flesh?

And do not believe that before the coming of the Christians they lived in that peaceful reign of Saturn that the poets describe; on the contrary, they waged continuous and ferocious war against each other, with such fury that they considered a victory hardly worthwhile if they did not glut their monstrous hunger with the flesh of their enemies…

Could one give more convincing proof of the superiority of some men to others in intelligence, spirit, and valor, and of the fact that such people are slaves by nature? For although some of them display a certain talent for craftsmanship this is not proof of human intelligence, for we know that animals, birds, and spiders do certain work that no human industry can completely imitate…

Historical Context: / Intended Audience: / Purpose: / Point of View:

Primary Source Analysis

Historical Context, Intended Audience, Purpose, Point of View

Historical Context
Where and when was the source created?
What was going on at the time?
What has just happened? / Intended Audience
To whom is the piece directed?
A certain person or certain people?
How might this affect the reliability/
accuracy of the source? / Purpose
Why was the source produced?
What was the author trying to accomplish?
Did he/she have ulterior motives? / Point of View
What is the main idea?
What point is the author trying to make?
Could there be any bias?

Document 1: Letters from Christopher Columbus to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

Historical Context: / Intended Audience: / Purpose: / Point of View:

Document 2: Bartolome de las Casas, “A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies,” 1542

Historical Context: / Intended Audience: / Purpose: / Point of View:

Document 3: King Charles V, “New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians,” 1542

Historical Context: / Intended Audience: / Purpose: / Point of View:

Document 4: Juan Gines de Sepulveda, “The Nature of Natives,” 1550

Historical Context: / Intended Audience: / Purpose: / Point of View: