End of Course Biology

End of Course Biology

Reporting Category 2

Mechanisms of Genetics

1.  This chart represents amino acids that are coded from different combinations of mRNA codons.

Which amino acid sequence can be coded from the DNA sequence CAG TAG CGA?

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A.  Valine – Isoleucine – Glycine

B.  Valine – Aspartic Acid – Alanine

C.  Valine – Isoleucine – Alanine

D.  Valine – Phenylalanine – Alanine

1.  Which set of parents can most likely produce a child with type O blood?

A.  One parents with type AB blood, and the other parent with type A blood.

B.  One parents with type AB blood, and the other parent with type O blood.

C.  One parents with heterozygous type A blood, and the other parent with type O blood.

D.  One parents with homozygous type A blood, and the other parent with homozygous type B blood.

2.  This diagram represents samples of DNA that were cut with a restriction enzyme during DNA fingerprinting in a crime lab.

Which technique was used to produce these bands?

A.  Cloning

B.  Gel electrophoresis

C.  Gene Splicing

D.  Genetic engineering

3.  What process produces many variations in phenotypes?

A.  Independent assortment

B.  Asexual reproduction

C.  Regeneration

D.  Cloning

4.  One of the parents of a child has phenylketonuria (PKU), which is caused by recessive alleles. The other parent does not have the PKU alleles, What is the chance that the couple will have a child with phenylketonuria?

A.  0%

B.  50%

C.  75%

D.  100%

5.  Hitchhiker’s thumb (H) is dominant to no hitchhiker’s thumb (h). A woman who does not have a hitchhiker’s thumb marries a man who is heterozygous for hitchhiker’s thumb. What is the probable genotype ratio of their children?

A.  0% Hh : 100% hh

B.  50% Hh : 50% hh

C.  75% Hh : 25% hh

D.  100% Hh : 0% hh

6.  This chart shows a list of messenger RNA codons.

A strand of DNA with the sequence AAC AAG CCC undergoes a mutation, and the first A is changed to C. How will this mutation affect the amino acid sequence?

A.  One amino acid will change.

B.  Two amino acids will change.

C.  All of the amino acids will change.

D.  The amino acids will remain the same.

7.  Which is a use of genetically engineered bacteria?

A.  Identifying the remains of an unknown person.

B.  Developing a DNA fingerprint for blood left at a crime scene.

C.  Making human insulin for diabetics.

D.  Producing corn that is resistant to herbicides.

8.  This diagram shows a pedigree for a recessive genetic disorder.

9.  This chart shows the results of several crosses with white-feathered chickens and dark-feathered chickens.

Which cross would be represented as Aa x aa, where (A) represents a dominant allele and (a) represents a recessive allele?

A.  Cross 1

B.  Cross 2

C.  Cross 3

D.  Cross 4

10.  In a particular species of plants, when the soil pH is greater than 7, blue flowers are produced. However, when the soil pH is less than 7, pink flowers are produced. Which statement best explains the color change in the plant?

A.  Multiple alleles determine the color of the flowers.

B.  The change in flower color is a result of mutation.

C.  Polygenic inheritance produces the different flower colors.

D.  The environment influences the expression for the gene for flower color.

11.  A cloned plant has a diploid chromosome number or 12. What is the diploid chromosome number of the plant cell that was used to produce the cloned plant?

A.  6

B.  12

C.  18

D.  24

12.  This diagram shows a diploid cell with two pairs of homologous chromosomes.

Due to independent assortment, what is the possible genetic make-up of gametes produced by this organism?

A.  SsTt

B.  Ss, Tt

C.  S, s, T, t

D.  ST, St, sT, st

13.  Which genetic abnormality can be identified through karyotyping?

A.  Point mutation

B.  Recessive allele

C.  Extra chromosome

D.  Sex-linked allele

14.  The diagram below represents steps in sexual reproduction.

Which of the following occurs in the step labeled Z?

A.  Fertilization

B.  Meiosis

C.  Mitosis

D.  Translocation

15.  A pedigree is a diagram that traces the inheritance of a trait through a family. Which of the following patterns is typical in a pedigree for an autosomal dominant trait?

A.  The trait affects only males.

B.  The trait appears in every generation.

C.  The trait appears in only one-fourth of the individuals.

D.  The trait affects all the individuals of the second generation.

The following section focuses on sickle cell anemia. Read the information below and use it to answer the next four multiple-choice questions.

Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects thousands of people in the United States and millions worldwide. Sickle cell anemia commonly occurs in groups whose ancestors came from Africa, as well as South America, Cuba, Central America, Saudi Arabia, India, and the Mediterranean.

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a change in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells. Sickle cell anemia results in paleness, fatigue, shortness of breath, and increased heart rate due to a deficiency in the oxygen-carrying component of the blood. When oxygen levels are low in an affected individual, the red blood cells become deformed into a curved, sickle shape. People with sickle cell anemia can experience swelling, pain, infection, and organ damage.

All individuals have two alleles for the gene that codes for the hemoglobin protein (Hb). Individuals with two Hb A alleles have normal, round red blood cells. Heterozygous individuals, with one Hb A allele and one Hb S allele, do not experience symptoms of the disease, but they may produce some sickle-shaped red blood cells. Individuals with two Hb S alleles have sickle cell anemia.

The diagrams to the right represent some of the steps in the formation of hemoglobin in two individuals,
Y and Z. In these diagrams, only a small part of the hemoglobin gene sequence is represented.

Individual Y has two Hb A alleles and therefore produces normal red blood cells. Individual Z has two Hb S alleles and therefore produces sickle-shaped red blood cells.

16.  Which of following statements best describe why the change in only one DNA base of the hemoglobin gene result in a different protein product of the gene?

A.  The change prevents mRNA from being made.

B.  The change alters the amino acid sequence of the protein.

C.  The change causes the blood cells to divide in an uncontrolled way.

D.  The change creates a second strand of mRNA for each RNA molecule.

17.  Which of the following cell structures carry out the process represented by the arrows labeled “2” in the diagrams?

A.  Mitochondrion

B.  Nucleus

C.  Ribosome

D.  Vacuole

18.  Which of the following statements best summarizes a change that is represented by the arrows labeled “3” in the diagrams?

A.  A nucleus is formed in each cell.

B.  Each cell divides to form two daughter cells.

C.  A chain of amino acids are folded to form a protein in each cell.

D.  Proteins are transported through the plasma membrane of each cell.

19.  Which of the following statements best compare individual Y and individual Z in terms of genotype and phenotype?

A.  The individuals have the same genotype and the same phenotype.

B.  The individuals have the same genotype but different phenotypes.

C.  The individuals have different genotypes but same phenotype.

D.  The individuals have different genotypes and different phenotypes.

20.  An inherited metabolic disorder called phenylketonuria (PKU) can result in serious problems in infancy. The chance that two parents who are heterozygous will have a child with PKU is 25%. Which of the following terms best apply to the inheritance pattern for PKU?

A.  Codominant

B.  Dominant

C.  Recessive

D.  Sex-linked

21.  In a eukaryotic cell, which of the following processes directly involves DNA?

A.  Translation

B.  Cellular respiration

C.  Active transport of ions

D.  Replication of chromosomes

22.  In a molecule of double-stranded DNA, the amount of adenine present is always equal to the amount of…

A.  Cytosine

B.  Guanine

C.  Thymine

D.  Uracil

23.  Which of the following statements best explains why offspring produced by sexual reproduction often look similar to, but not exactly the same as, their parents?

A.  The offspring have genetic material from both the mother and the father.

B.  The cells of the offspring contain all the dominant genes from the parents.

C.  The cells of the offspring undergo mitosis many times as the offspring grows and develops.

D.  The offspring has a period of embryonic development, rather than being born immediately after fertilization.

24.  In fruit flies, the gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome, and the red eye allele (R) is dominant to the white eye allele (r). A female fly with genotype XRXr is mated with a male fly with genotype XrY. Which of the following statements best describes the expected outcome of the cross?

A.  The chance of an offspring having red eyes is 75%.

B.  The chance of an offspring having white eyes is 50%.

C.  The chance that a male offspring will have white eyes is 0%.

D.  The chance that a female offspring will have red eyes is 100%.

25. 

A.  Three-quarters of the plants are tall and purple.

B.  Three-quarters of the plants are short and white.

C.  All are short and white.

D.  All are tall and purple.

26.  One strand of DNA could be as long as a football field if it were stretched out lengthwise. One of the factors allowing DNA to fit inside the nucleus of a cell is its ability to…

A.  Break apart into separate genes.

B.  Extend to form very long, thin molecules.

C.  Coil tightly around associated proteins.

D.  Denature from the effect of an enzyme.

27.  In squash plants, yellow fruit (Y) is dominant to white fruit (y). if two plants heterozygous for yellow fruit are crossed, what are the possible genotypes of the offspring?

A.  Yy only

B.  YY, yy only

C.  Yy, yy only

D.  YY, Yy, yy only

28. 

A.  Is carried only by females in this family

B.  Is a recessive genetic trait

C.  Is a sex-linked gene

D.  Requires both parents to be albinos

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