1
Encyclopedia of Multimedia
Table of CONTENTS
Contributors ...... xvii
Preface ...... xxv
A ...... 1
ACTIVE BUFFER MANAGEMENT FOR PROVISION OF VCR FUNCTIONALITIES 1
ADAPTIVE EDUCATIONAL HYPERMEDIA SYSTEMS...... 2
ANALYZING PERSON INFORMATION IN NEWS VIDEO...... 3
APPLICATIONS OF FACE RECOGNITION And NOVEL TRENDS...... 9
ARCHITECTURE OF COMMERCIAL NEWS SYSTEMS...... 11
AUDIO COMPRESSION AND CODING TECHNIQUES...... 12
AUDIO CONFERENCING...... 21
AUDIO STREAMING...... 22
AUDIO AND VIDEO INFORMATION IN MULTIMEDIA
NEWS SYSTEMS...... 28
AUGMENTED REALITY...... 29
AUTHORING AND SPECIFICATION...... 31
B ...... 33
BEHAVIORAL FACILITATION...... 33
BIOMETRICS FOR USER AUTHENTICATION...... 35
BLOCK MATCHING...... 44
BROADCAST ENCRYPTION...... 45
C ...... 47
CASCADING STYLE SHEETS...... 47
CELL PHONES AND E-COMMERCE...... 48
CFA IMAGE ZOOMING...... 49
CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE...... 50
CLIENT-SERVER MULTIMEDIA STREAMING...... 51
CODING OF STEREOSCOPIC AND 3D IMAGES AND VIDEO...... 53
COLLABORATIVE COMPUTING – AREA OVERVIEW...... 59
COLLABORATIVE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS...... 70
COLOR IMAGE FILTERING AND ENHANCEMENT...... 71
COLOR IMAGE NOISE...... 80
COLOR IMAGE ZOOMING...... 81
COMBINING INTRA-IMAGE AND INTER-CLASS SEMANTICS
FOR IMAGE MATCHING...... 82
COMPRESSED PROGRESSIVE MESHES...... 84
COMPRESSED VIDEO SPATIO-TEMPORAL SEGMENTATION...... 85
COMPRESSION IN IMAGE SECRET SHARING...... 86
CONTENT BASED 3D SHAPE RETRIEVAL...... 88
CONTENT BASED MUSIC RETRIEVAL...... 96
CONTENT-BASED PHOTO ALBUM MANAGEMENT USING FACES...... 105
CONTENT DISTRIBUTION NETWORK...... 114
CONTENT EXTRACTION AND METADATA...... 115
CONTENT MANAGEMENT IN MULTIMEDIA NEWS SYSTEMS...... 121
CONTENT PROTECTION SOLUTIONS FOR DIGITAL
HOME NETWORKS...... 122
CONTEXT AND CURRENT METADATA STANDARDS...... 123
CONTEXT-AWARE MODELING OF MULTIMEDIA CONTENT...... 125
CONTEXT-AWARE MULTIMEDIA...... 126
CONTEXT-AWARE MUSICAL AUDIO...... 133
CONTEXT-AWARE VIDEO PRODUCTION...... 135
CREATING ADAPTIVE COURSE TEXTS WITH AHA!...... 136
D ...... 139
DATA CONFERENCING...... 139
DATA DISCOVERY, ROUTING AND TRAFFIC PATTERNS...... 139
DATA ENCRYPTION STANDARD (DES) AND ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES) 143
DATA MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR CONTINUOUS
MEDIA IN AD-HOC NETWORKS OF WIRELESS DEVICES...... 144
DATA MODELING, MULTIMEDIA...... 150
DEAD RECKONING...... 156
DEMOSAICKED IMAGE POSTPROCESSING...... 157
DEMOSAICKING...... 158
DESKTOP VIRTUAL REALITY...... 160
DEVICE-DRIVEN PRESENTATION OF MULTIMEDIA CONTENT...... 161
DIAMOND SEARCH FOR BLOCK MOTION ESTIMATION...... 162
DIGITAL BIOMETRICS...... 164
DIGITAL CAMERA IMAGE PROCESSING...... 172
DIGITAL CINEMA...... 181
DIGITAL INPAINTING...... 182
DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT...... 190
DIGITAL WATERMARKING...... 196
DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORM (DCT)...... 203
DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM (DWT)...... 205
DISTANCE AND SIMILARITY MEASURES...... 207
DISTRIBUTED MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS...... 208
DOCUMENT STANDARDS IN MULTIMEDIA NEWS SYSTEMS...... 215
E ...... 217
EDGE DETECTION...... 217
EDGE-SENSING MECHANISM...... 218
ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA IN EDUCATION...... 219
EMBEDDING MULTIPLE WATERMARKS IN A TRANSFORM DOMAIN....220
EMERGENT SEMANTICS...... 221
EMOTION AND MULTIMEDIA CONTENT...... 222
ENCRYPTION IN RTP...... 223
EXPERIENTIAL MEDIA SYSTEMS...... 225
EXTENSIBLE STYLESHEET LANGUAGE...... 233
F ...... 235
FACE RECOGNITION...... 235
FACE RECOGNITION EVALUATION AND PILOTS...... 243
FACE RECOGNITION, 3D...... 245
FACIAL ANIMATION AND AFFECTIVE HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 246
FAIRNESS IN ONLINE GAMES...... 252
FUZZY TECHNIQUES FOR CONTEXT REPRESENTATION...... 253
G ...... 255
GAME ACCESSIBILITY...... 255
GAME EVENT SYNCHRONIZATION...... 256
GEOGRAPHIC VIDEO CONTENT...... 257
H ...... 261
H.263 VIDEO COMPRESSION...... 261
HALFTONING BASED VISUAL SECRET SHARING (VSS)...... 263
HAPTIC DEVICES...... 264
HAPTIC FEEDBACK IN USER INTERFACES...... 265
HAPTICS...... 266
HARMINIC BROADCASTING PROTOCOL...... 267
HIERARCHICAL VOD SYSTEM...... 269
HIGH DEFINITION LIVE STREAMING...... 270
HUFFMAN CODING...... 278
HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION...... 281
I ...... 287
IMAGE AND VIDEO CAPTURE...... 287
IMAGE AND VIDEO QUALITY ASSESSMENT...... 288
IMAGE COMPRESSION AND CODING...... 299
IMAGE DATA REPRESENTATIONS...... 306
IMAGE INPAINTING...... 315
IMAGE RETRIEVAL...... 316
IMAGE SEARCH ENGINE...... 323
IMAGE WATERMARKING335
IMAGE WATERMARKING USING VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY...... 337
IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY...... 338
IN HOME, IN CAR, IN FLIGHT ENTERTAINMENT...... 339
INDEXING 3D SCENES...... 340
INFRARED FACE RECOGNITION...... 349
INFRASTRUCTURE AND ENGINEERING...... 350
INPAINTING IN VIRTUAL RESTORATION OF ARTWORKS...... 356
INTEGRATION OF COLLABORATIVE COMPUTING WITH
MODELLING AND SIMULATION TECHNOLOGIES...... 358
INTEL® XSCALE® MICRO-ARCHITECTURE...... 359
INTERACTIVE STORY TELLING...... 361
INTERLEAVED AUDIO...... 362
IP TELEPHONY...... 363
J ...... 371
JFIF (JPEG FILE INTERCHANGE FORMAT)...... 371
JPEG...... 372
JPEG 2000 IMAGE CODING STANDARD...... 374
JPEG-LS...... 385
K ...... 387
KEY MANAGEMENT...... 387
KNOWLEDGE-ASSISTED IMAGE AND VIDEO ANALYSIS...... 388
L ...... 391
LARGE-SCALE VIDEO-ON-DEMAND SYSTEMS...... 391
LCD DISPLAY INTERFACES...... 399
LEGACY AND CURRENT PRACTICE – THE REALITY OF CONTEMPORARY COLLABORATIVE COMPUTING 401
LONG DURATION CONTINUOUS MEDIA RETRIEVAL...... 403
M ...... 405
MEDICAL IMAGE SEGMENTATION...... 405
MESH, 3D...... 406
MESSAGE DIGEST (MD5) ALGORITHM AND SECURE
HASH ALGORITHM (SHA)...... 407
MIDDLEWARE FOR STREAMING 3D MESHES...... 409
MIME TYPES...... 416
MOTION COMPENSATION FOR VIDEO COMPRESSION...... 417
MOTION ESTIMATION...... 426
MOTION ESTIMATION WITH HALF-PIXEL ACCURACY...... 434
MOTION PICTURE INPAINTING ON AGED FILMS...... 435
MPEG-1 VIDEO COMPRESSION...... 437
MPEG-2 VIDEO COMPRESSION...... 440
MPEG-4 ADVANCED VIDEO COMPRESSION (MPEG-4 AVC)/H.264...... 444
MPEG-4 VIDEO COMPRESSION...... 448
MULTICAST TRUE VoD SERVICE...... 450
MULTICHANNEL DATA ORDERING SCHEMES...... 451
MULTIMEDIA ARCHIVES AND MEDIATORS...... 452
MULTIMEDIA AUTHENTICATION...... 460
MULTIMEDIA AUTHORING...... 468
MULTIMEDIA CONFERENCING...... 477
MULTIMEDIA CONTENT ADAPTION...... 478
MULTIMEDIA CONTENT ADAPTATION IN MPEG-21...... 484
MULTIMEDIA CONTENT MODELING AND PERSONALIZATION...... 485
MULTIMEDIA CONTENT MODELING IN COSMOS-7...... 492
MULTIMEDIA CONTENT REPURPOSING...... 494
MULTIMEDIA DESIGN...... 500
MULTIMEDIA ENCRYPTION...... 502
MULTIMEDIA ENTERTAINMENT APPLICATIONS...... 510
MULTIMEDIA FILE SHARING...... 518
MULTIMEDIA FINGERPRINTING...... 524
MULTIMEDIA IN EDUCATION...... 533
MULTIMEDIA LIBRARIES...... 541
MULTIMEDIA NEWS SYSTEMS...... 547
MULTIMEDIA NEWS SYSTEMS INFRASTRUCTURE...... 557
MULTIMEDIA PRODUCTION...... 558
MULTIMEDIA PROJECT PLANNING...... 559
MULTIMEDIA PROXY CACHING...... 561
MULTIMEDIA SEMANTICS...... 562
MULTIMEDIA SEMIOTICS...... 567
MULTIMEDIA SENSOR NETWORKS...... 572
MULTIMEDIA SERVERS...... 580
MULTIMEDIA STORAGE ORGANIZATIONS...... 588
MULTIMEDIA STREAMING ON THE INTERNET...... 595
MULTIMEDIA SYNCHRONIZATION – AREA OVERVIEW...... 604
MULTIMEDIA SYNCHRONIZATION – INFRASTRUCTURE AND ENGINEERING 613
MULTIMEDIA SYSTEM-ON-A-CHIP...... 619
MULTIMEDIA WEB INFORMATION SYSTEMS...... 627
MULTIMODAL INTERFACES...... 635
MULTI-RESOLUTION IMAGE INPAINTING...... 637
MULTI-VIEW VIDEO CODING...... 638
MULTIPLE SOURCE ALIGNMENT FOR VIDEO ANALYSIS...... 640
N ...... 649
NETWORKING PROTOCOLS FOR AUDIO STREAMING...... 649
O ...... 651
OBJECT BASED STEREOSCOPIC VIDEO CODING...... 651
OCCLUSIONS...... 652
ONLINE GAMING...... 653
ONLINE MULTIMEDIA AND TELEVISION...... 661
ONLINE MULTIMEDIA E-COMMERCE...... 662
OPEN SYSTEMS FOR ONLINE FACE RECOGNITION...... 671
OPTIMIZATION OF VIDEO CONTENT DESCRIPTIONS
FOR RETRIEVAL...... 673
OVERLAPPED BLOCK MOTION COMPENSATION...... 681
P ...... 685
PEER-TO-PEER MULTICAST VIDEO...... 685
PEER-TO-PEER STREAMING...... 686
PEER-TO-PEER SYSTEMS...... 696
PEER-TO-PEER SYSTEMS AND DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT...... 697
PERSONALIZED EDUCATIONAL HYPERMEDIA...... 698
PHOTO DEFECT DETECTION...... 704
PLACEMENT OF CONTINUOUS MEDIA IN AD-HOC NETWORKS
OF DEVICES...... 705
PORTABLE NETWORK GRAPHICS (PNG)...... 707
PORTALS...... 709
POWER-RATE DISTORTION ANALYSIS FOR WIRELESS VIDEO...... 711
PRIVATE-KEY CRYPTOSYSTEM...... 712
PROGRESSIVE FOREST SPLIT...... 714
PROTECTION OF MULTIMEDIA DATA IN DISTRIBUTION
AND STORAGE...... 715
PUBLIC KEY vs. SECRET KEY ENCRYPTION...... 723
Q ...... 727
QOS ASSESSMENT OF VIDEO OVER IP...... 727
QUALITY OF SERVICE IN MULTIMEDIA NETWORKS...... 728
QUANTIZATION...... 736
R ...... 739
REAL TIME MULTIMEDIA...... 739
REAL TIME TRANSPORT PROTOCOL...... 746
REAL-WORLD MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS...... 748
RECORDING TELECONFERENCING SESSIONS...... 755
ROLE OF SEMANTICS IN MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS...... 755
THE RSA PUBLIC-KEY ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM...... 757
S ...... 759
SCALABLE VIDEO CODING...... 759
SCALAR EDGE DETECTORS...... 765
SCHEDULING IN MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS...... 767
SECURITY ISSUES IN WIRELESS VIDEO...... 775
SEGMENTATION AND CODING...... 777
SEGMENTATION EVALUATION...... 779
SEGMENTATION OF IMAGES AND VIDEO...... 780
SEMANTIC AGENTS ON THE INTERNET...... 788
SEMANTIC CLASS-BASED IMAGE INDEXING...... 789
SEMANTIC CONSUMER IMAGE INDEXING...... 791
SEMANTIC IMAGE REPRESENTATION AND INDEXING...... 792
SEMANTIC MEDICAL IMAGE INDEXING...... 799
SEMANTIC VISUAL QUERY AND RETRIEVAL...... 801
SEMANTIC WEB...... 803
SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES...... 810
SEMANTICS STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 812
SEMANTICS WEB TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES...... 813
SEMIOTICS...... 814
SHARABLE CONTENT OBJECT REFERENCE MODEL (SCORM)...... 816
SIMD (SINGLE INSTRUCTION MULTIPLE DATA) PROCESSING...... 818
SPECTRAL MODEL...... 819
STEREOSCOPIC AND MULTI-VIEW VIDEO CODING
STANDARDS...... 821
STREAMING MULTIMEDIA AND ITS APPLICATIONS
IN EDUCATION...... 822
T ...... 825
TELECONFERENCING...... 825
TELE-HAPTICS...... 834
TELE-OPERATION...... 842
TELEPRESENCE...... 843
THRESHOLD SCHEMES WITH MINIMUM PIXEL EXPANSION...... 849
TRENDS IN MULTIMEDIA E-COMMERCE...... 850
U ...... 853
UNIVERSAL MULTIMEDIA ACCESS...... 853
USER MODELING IN MPEG-7...... 855
V ...... 857
VALENCE-DRIVEN CONQUEST...... 857
VC-1 VIDEO COMPRESSION...... 858
VECTOR EDGE DETECTORS...... 860
VIDEO AUTOMATIC ANNOTATION...... 861
VIDEO-BASED FACE RECOGNITION...... 871
VIDEO CODING TECHNIQUES AND STANDARDS...... 872
VIDEO CONFERENCING...... 881
VIDEO CONTENT ANALYSIS USING MACHINE LEARNING TOOLS...... 883
VIDEO DATABASES...... 892
VIDEO DELIVERY OVER WIRELESS MULTI-HOP NETWORKS...... 900
VIDEO INPAINTING...... 902
VIDEO OVER IP...... 904
VIDEO SEARCH...... 912
VIDEO SUMMARIZATION...... 917
VIDEO TRANSCODING...... 925
VIDEO USAGE MINING...... 928
VIDEO WATERMARKING...... 935
VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY...... 938
VIRTUAL PRESENCE...... 946
VIRTUAL REALITY...... 947
VISION-BASED INTERACTION...... 948
VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY...... 950
W ...... 953
WATERMARKING, AUDIO...... 953
WATERMARKING, VIDEO...... 955
WIRELESS VIDEO...... 958
WIRELESS VIDEO ADAPTATION...... 967
WMV-9 VIDEO COMPRESSION...... 969
WORKFLOW COMPUTING...... 972
Index ...... 975