Blank Earth Science Study Guides
Final Review Currents, Tides, Moon
. Surface currents on the oceans are created by ______and go the same way that they ______.
They flow ______across the surface of the ocean in the top ______meters.
. Correctly indicate where each prevailing wind would occur on the globe by writing its name on its section.
*Polar easterlies*Polar easterlies*Westerlies*Westerlies
*South East Trades*North East Trades
Which of the winds listed would be involved in formation of the South Equatorial Current shown in the diagram below?
. Deep currents in the oceans are created by differences in ______of the water
What creates these differences?
. Why are deep currents important to sea creatures?
Antarctic Bottom Waters
Start in:
Flows
Atlantic Deep Water
Starts in:
Flows
Two ways that the salinity of sea water may be increased
Two ways that the salinity of sea water may be decreased.
ways that the salinity of sea water may be decreased.
diagram below represents the position of the sun, Earth and moon at a Spring
tide?
label the phases of the moon represented in the diagram below:
diagram represents a possible moment for a lunar eclipse.
diagram the umbra.
An umbra is:
a. the area of partial shadow created by a planet or moon
b. the area of complete, dark shadow created by a planet or moon
c. the area of light created around a planet or moon by the sun
d. the area of light created by the moon on a still body of water
EarthScience Review 17,18,20- atmosphere and weather
Phase changes of water and the flow of energy as it changes from on to the other:
15. What three things do you need to cause condensation?
a.b.
c.
When the air is saturated with water vapor, the amount of evaporation is
a. the same as the amount of condensation
b. greater than the amount of condensation
c. less than the amount of condensation
The balance point, when condensation equal evaporation is called the ______.
What was the source of the “fog” that formed on your glass in the experiment with the ice water?
If the air in the room was 18 C and “fog” formed on the glass at 11 C, what was the difference between the wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures?
Use that difference and the original 18C air temperature to determine the relative humidity of the air in the classroom.
. ______cooling is the drop in temperature due to decreased pressure.
Explain what clouds made of.
Three major classes of clouds:
Explain how raindrops are formed/begin to fall.
Where does most of the electromagnetic radiation that enters Earth’s atmosphere come from?
The atmosphere is divided into layers according to
pressureor temperature
Circle the layers of the atmosphere in which the temperature decreases as your go up in altitude. You should be able to put them in the correct place on the temperature graph!
TroposphereStratosphereMesosphere
Thermosphere
What happens to the temperature in the Stratopause?
Atmospheric pressure Increases/Decreases/Remains constant as you go up in altitude.
What layer of the atmosphere do you live in?
Which layer of the atmosphere has the greatest amount of ozone?
In which layer of the atmosphere does most of the weather occur?
Where is the amount of radiation from the sun most concentrated :
At the poles at the Equatorin Williamsburg
What two gases act to trap heat energy in the atmosphere?
Electromagnetic waves from the sun are longer/shorter than heat energy waves radiated from the surface of a hot car.
Identify the means of heat transfer in each of the following examples. Write “CONDuction” “CONVection” or “RADiation” above the proper ones
Microwave popcornhand on hot burner of electric stove
Child in the top bunkhot air balloon
Sunshine on my shouldergrilled cheese sandwich on the grill
Explain, in a few sentences or a well labeled diagram, how the level of the liquid in a thermometer reflects the energy of the molecules of the air.
What is Air Pressure – define or explain it:
Air pressure goes______as you go higher above sea level.
Air pressure goes ______as the temperature rises (the air is ______dense, so molecules ______and there are more/fewer right on top of you.
Air pressure goes ______as the humidity increases (there are more water molecules filling spaces that could have been other ______gases- so it is less dense.
the mass of a water vapor molecule is ______than that of the other molecules that make up most of the air?
Describe how molecules move when the temperature gets higher.
Wind is created by differences in air pressure. It blows from areas of ______pressure to areas of ______pressure. Balloon
Match the wind indicated by each arrow with its proper name.
North windSouth windEast WindWest Wind
CoriolisEfffect
What does the rotation of the Earth do to the path of winds travelling from the North Pole to the Equator?
M.E. stands on the Equator. Jenna stands on the South Pole. Brett stands at 30 degrees S. Kristen stands at 60 degrees S. Arrange them in order of increasing speed, as the Earth rotates.
______goes the fastest, ______is the next fastest, ______is next, and ______is slowest.
In the southern Hemisphere, the Coriolis Effect makes the path of the
wind:
Coriolis only changes the path of things travelling long distances across lines of latitude.
a. an ocean currentc. a cup of water going down the drain
b. a rocket d. a prevailing wind
Air masses over the poles are:
Creates an area of ______pressure
Air masses over the Equator:
Creates an area of ______pressure
Label the North Pole, South Pole, Equator, 30 N latitude, 30 S latitude,
60 N latitude, and 60 S latitude on the globe
Label the areas of HIGH pressure and LOW pressure on the globe
Label the prevailing winds
Circle the correct choice of words for each set of (parenthesis):
During the NIGHT, air over the land cools (faster/slower) than the water.
The air over the land will become (warmer/cooler) than the air over the water.
It will (sink/rise), making the pressure over the land (low/high).
The air over the water will be (warmer/cooler) than the air over the land.
It will (sink/rise), making the pressure over the water (low/high).
The above conditions create a wind during the NIGHT. If Joe is sitting
in a little sailboat 400 meters from the shore, this wind will blow him:
a. toward the shorec. away from the shore
b. around in circlesd. none of the above
If Joe sits in his little boat 400 meters from the shore during the DAY,
the wind conditions created then will blow him:
a. around in circlesc. away from the shore
b. toward the shored. none of the above
24. When you label air masses, what does each of the following letters stand for?
c______m______
T______P______
Match the air masses with the area where they most likely formed:
Warm, moistAlaska and/or Canada
Cool, dryGulf of Mexico
Cool, moistNorth Atlantic
Warm, dryMexican Deserts
What is a front? – define or explain it:
The conditions that would accompany a warm front:
a. Gentle rains that last for hours, followed by cooler, clear weather
b. Strong winds & heavy rain, followed by warmer, humid weather
c. Strong winds & heavy rain, followed by cooler, clear weather
d. Gentle rains that last for hours, followed by warmer, humid weather
Diagram the formation of a warm front.
Correctly label the air masses and add arrows inside each to show its direction of travel.
Label each mass with an R or an S to indicate whether it will rise up and over, or sink under the other air mass when they meet.
Front Travels
______fronts usually pass quickly.
______fronts have a steep slope.
Which type of front would Farmer Brown prefer?______because:
Do air masses mix easily when they meet?
Earth Science Final Review ch 12,13,14
Types of Weathering
______is the chemical reaction of oxygen with minerals to form red soils.
When roots grow or animals dig holes and rocks split apart, it is an example of weathering by ______
When rocks fall, collide with one another, and break apart the weathering is due to the force of ______.
Formation of potholes in winter due to the force of the freezing of water is an example of ______.
Soils shrink and crack in a drought This is weathering due to ______and ______
Decide which of the following processes are examples of mechanical weathering and which are examples of chemical weathering. Write C or M to indicate your choice.
____Frost Action_____Oxidation____Organic Activity
____Abrasion_____Gravity_____Exfoliation
As a result of mechanical weathering, rocks are broken into smaller particles to become soil, but remain the same ______
Hummus is a ______, but humus is partially decayed ______.
Organic matter is/was:
a. material that was once part of a living creature
b. waste products of a living creature
c. all of the above
The pie chart below represents the “Ideal Soil.” Correctly label the portions that represent:
MineralsOrganic Matter
WaterAir
Pore SpaceSolid
Correctly label the horizons in the soil profile and correctly locate the following in the soil profile shown above by
writing the terms in the horizon/s where they are found.
(Some may occur in more than one horizon!)
* Growing seeds*Tree Roots*Worms
*Fungi* Minerals*Bacteria
* Substratum*Subsoil*Topsoil
*Solid Bedrock* Humus*Rocks
Soil particles: Draw and show difference in particle size and pore spaces
Box of sand:Box of silt:Box of clay:
pH scale: ____ - ______is acidic ______is neutral _____ - ______is basic
strongest acids loweststrongest bases highest
Most plants do best in soils with a pH range of _____ - ______
In EROSION, soil moves and is lost due to:
a)
b)
c)
In MASS MOVEMENTS, soil moves and is lost due to:
a)
In class we discussed many ways farmers might go about reducing erosion and depletion of the soil. Choose three of them and explain how they work. Use complete sentences and include a picture if you feel it will help your explanation
Ch13/14
The high points in a landscape that separate one watershed from another are______
The land inside the divides is a ______
Draw a river with tributaries. Label the headwaters and the mouth. Draw arrows to show the direction of flow in the river and tributaries
The gradient would be greatest at the ______
The discharge in this river system would be greatest at the ______
The velocity of the water in this river system would be the greatest at:
The steepness or slope down which a river travels is called its:
a. gradientc. discharge
b. capacityd. competence
The largest particle/object that a river can carry at a given place and time is called its:
a. gradientc. discharge
b. capacityd. competence
Draw a few meanders in a river below.
Label the inside and outside of one of the meanders. What happens to the speed of the water and the load at each of these?
Inside:
Outside:
If this river was to flood, where would levees form? Show me!
Rivers carry materials in three “loads.” Name the three loads and explain them – what do the rivers carry in each and how is it carried?
Which would be carried in the slowest moving water?
a. sandc. silt
b. clayd. boulders
Circle the object that best represents the competence of the Johnstown Flood waters at this point of the channel.
ch14
Groundwater is found in ______between soil particles and in cracks in certain types of ______.
Draw a diagram to illustrate groundwater. Draw and label the zone of aeration ,zone of saturation , and water table. Color the water in the appropriate zone/s.
Porosity isthe percentage of the material’s volume that is ______
The pavement on a parking lot forms an ______layer and causes ______.
Which would be most permeable, a well-sorted sand, or a mixture of sand and silt? Explain why this is true.
What makes hard water hard? Define hard water.
A water budget explains the income and spending of water in a watershed. Give two sources of water “income.”
Explain how plants “withdraw” water from the groundwater.
Think back to the plastic cup model of groundwater. Draw and label a picture of a cup model that shows conditions where a “surplus” of water would exist.
How do pollutants get into the groundwater? Explain two different pathways.
Show the position of the water table as the contour of the land changes
Match the motion of the water table with the condition:
Lots of raintable drops
Lots of pumping water from welltable rises
Pesticides sprayed on the groundtable stays the same
Ch 6,8,9,10 Review Earth Science
Sedimentary Rock-
Metamorphic Rock-
Igneous Rock-
KNOW how to move through the rock cycle from one type of rock to any other.
KNOW that any type can become any other type in any order – there is not one path!
8/9
The portion of the Earth’s mantle that is made of a “plastic” solid is :
The crust and upper mantle makes up Earth’s ______.
The outer core of the earth is solid/liquid. And made of ______and ______
The polarity of the magnetic field of the Earth has periodically ______
itself throughout history
Records of the polarity of the magnetic field of the Earth and the age of rock found on the ocean floor provide evidence for ______spreading.
The youngest rocks on the ocean floor are located at mid-ocean ______
Alfred Wegener was The “Father” of the ______theory.
The presence of the same______and ______on several continents that match up along puzzle-like lines supports the hypothesis of continental drift.
The theory holds that continents have moved______to their current locations.
They were once joined into one huge supercontinent. This supercontinent has been named ______
Plates move apart at ______boundaries.
a. convergentc. divergent
b. stabled. transform
When two oceanic plates move apart, a ______forms.
The boundary between two plates moving together is called a ______.
______are formed when two continental plates collide.
A ______zone forms where two oceanic plates collide.
Oceanic crust is ______than continental crust and more ______
Put the following in order from the least dense, to the most dense:
Mantle wateroceanic crustcontinental crust
Put the following in order from the least dense, to the most dense:
Rockwooden blockhot watercold water
26. Slab pull happens at ______boundaries where one plate is being subducted. The leading edge of that plate is colder and more dense than the mantle so it ______into it, pulling the rest of the plate behind it.
With a diagram and 2 or 3 complete sentences, explain what mantle convection is and how it causes tectonic plates to move.
Label the 7 major plates and the Nazca Plate in the diagram below.
Outline the Ring of Fire in red. Explain in a complete sentence or two what it is.
36. If a volcano’s magma is high in silica, then the volcano will probably:
a. erupt quietlyc. remain dormant
b. erupt explosivelyd. produce fluorescent green lava
Before lava reaches the surface, the molten material is called ______
If you want to melt rock and form magma, you want:
a. high temperature, high pressure, and lots of dissolved gases
b. low temperature, low pressure, and little dissolved gas
c. high temperature, low pressure, and little dissolved gas
d. high temperature, low pressure, and lots of dissolved gases
True or False? Volcanoes can form on the ocean floor.
True or False? There is no relationship between plate tectonics and
volcanoes.
True or False? Gas trapped in magma under high pressure can cause
explosive volcanic eruptions.
True or False? Shield Volcanoes often form above Hot Spots.
True or False? Hot Spots are found along the edges of tectonic plates
Explain in 1 or 2 sentences what a pyroclastic flow is and what it does.
Types of Volcanoes
Ch10
The point where the lithosphere breaks under stress and movement occurs is called a ______.
Remembering the example of the sponges, which of the following choices best describes the motion of blocks of lithosphere as they slide past one another?
a. steady and smoothc. constant
b. jerkyd. no motion possible
The force that keeps plates, blocks of lithosphere, or sponges from moving past each other immediately is called:
a. tensionc. elastic rebound
b. frictiond. convection
The force that causes tectonic plates, blocks of lithosphere, or plastic spoons to “sproing” up when the pressure on them becomes too great is called ______
The point in Earth’s interior where the energy release and first movement of an earthquake occurs is the ______
a. focusc. epicenter
b. faultd. inner core
__6. In the diagram below, letter ___ represents the epicenter of the earthquake.
Most earthquakes happen without ______, along ______, where Earthquakes have ______.
The type of seismic wave that arrives at the surface first and moves by compressing and expanding the ground like an accordion are called:
a. S wavesc. P waves
b. Love wavesd. Rayleigh waves
S waves are also known as:
a. primary wavesc. secondary waves
b. surface wavesd. focus waves
Compared to P waves and S waves, surface waves move:
a. fasterc. slower
b. at the same rated. farther from the focus
The most destructive seismic waves are:
The waves that can ONLY travel through solids are:
The type of seismic wave that moves the ground from side to side, perpendicular to the direction that the energy of the wave is moving, is:
Use the seismogram to determine the arrival time of the P wave.
Use the seismogram to determine the arrival time of the S wave.
Use these to calculate the S – P lag time and the distance from the seismograph to the epicenter of the earthquake that generated these waves.
Explain in a few complete sentences why three seismograph stations are necessary to locate the epicenter of an earthquake with certainty. Include diagrams to illustrate your explanation.
The strength of an earthquake with a Richter magnitude of 3 is ___times as powerful as an earthquake with a Richter magnitude of 2.
a. 10c. 25
b. 31d. 200
The ground vibrates {up and down} and from {side to side} during an earthquake. Which motion is most likely to damage or destroy a building?