Chapter 6 section 1

The Industrial Revolution Spreads

Focus Question: How did science, technology and big business promote industrial growth?

I. New Industrial Powers Emerge

A. Factories powered by electricity used innovative processes to

turn out new products.

B. Nations such as Germany, France, and the U.S. had more

abundant supplies of coal, iron, and other resources.

C. By 1900, the U.S. was manufacturing about 30% of the world’s

industrial goods, surpassing Britain as the leading industrial

nation.

D. Other nations had abundant supplies of natural resources and

were able to use the ideas and technology that Britain had

developed.

E. Uneven development

1. Russia had natural resources; social and political conditions

slowed its economic development.

2. Japan lacked many basic resources, yet it industrialized rapidly

after 1868 because Japan’s leaders placed a high priority on

modernization.

3. Belgium became the first European nation after Britain to

Industrialize

F. Effects of Industrialization

1. The new industrial nations underwent social changes, such as

rapid urbanization.

2. Men, women, and children worked long hours in difficult and

dangerous conditions.

3. The demand for goods created jobs, as did the building of

cities, railroads, and factories.

4. Politics changed as leaders had to meet the demands of an

industrial society.

5. Because of their technological and economic advantage, the

Western powers came to dominate the world more than ever

before.

(How were other nations able to catch up with Britain so quickly? What factors led to the industrialization of other nations after Britain?)

II. Technology Sparks Industrial Growth.

A. The technology for American’s first textile factory came from

Britain.

B. Henry Bessemer patented a new process for making steel from

iron.

1. The steel was lighter, harder, and more durable.

C. Innovations in Chemistry.

1. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, an explosive much safer than

others at the time.

D. Electric power replaces steam.

1. Alessandro Volta developed the 1st battery around 1800.

2. Later English chemist Michael Faraday created the 1st electrical

motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates

electricity.

3. Today all electricity comes from it.

4. In the 1870s, American inventor Thomas Edison made the first

electric light bulb.

E. New method of Production.

1. Manufactures designed products with interchangeable parts, or

identical components that could be used in place of one

another.

2. By the early 1900s, manufacturers had introduced the assembly

line.

3. Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moved

along a belt from one workstation to another each person

adding a new part.

(Who invented dynamite? What did Henry Bessemer patent? Who created the dynamo? What was the dynamo’s impact on the Industrial Revolution?)

III. Transportation and Communication Advances.

A. Transportation and communication were transformed by

technology.

B. The Automobile age begins and Airplanes take flight.

1. German engineer, Nikolaus Otto, invented a gasoline-powered

internal combustion engine.

2. The internal combustion engine made possible sustained, pilot-

controlled flight.

3. The Wright Brothers designed and flew a flimsy airplane in

1903 using the new engine.

4. In the early 1900s, Ford began using the assembly line to mass-

produce cars that reached top speeds of 25 miles per hour

making the U.S. a leader in the industry.

C. Better communication made the world smaller with the

development of the telegraph, the phone, and the radio.

IV. Business Takes a New Direction

A. By the late 1800s, big business formed giant corporations, or

businesses that are owned by many investors who own stocks

that raises money for the corporation.

1. Stocks were shares in the company.

2. Companies were allowed to raise capital or money by selling

stocks.

B. Some businesses, known as monopolies, came to control entire

industries.

1. John D. Rockefeller built the Standard Oil Company into an

empire by gaining control of oil wells, refineries, and pipelines.

2. He dominated the American petroleum industry.

C. These were then regulated by some governments in order to

limit growth and foster competition.

(What did the internal combustion engine make possible? What did the Wright Brothers design? What are corporations?)