Chapter 6 section 1
The Industrial Revolution Spreads
Focus Question: How did science, technology and big business promote industrial growth?
I. New Industrial Powers Emerge
A. Factories powered by electricity used innovative processes to
turn out new products.
B. Nations such as Germany, France, and the U.S. had more
abundant supplies of coal, iron, and other resources.
C. By 1900, the U.S. was manufacturing about 30% of the world’s
industrial goods, surpassing Britain as the leading industrial
nation.
D. Other nations had abundant supplies of natural resources and
were able to use the ideas and technology that Britain had
developed.
E. Uneven development
1. Russia had natural resources; social and political conditions
slowed its economic development.
2. Japan lacked many basic resources, yet it industrialized rapidly
after 1868 because Japan’s leaders placed a high priority on
modernization.
3. Belgium became the first European nation after Britain to
Industrialize
F. Effects of Industrialization
1. The new industrial nations underwent social changes, such as
rapid urbanization.
2. Men, women, and children worked long hours in difficult and
dangerous conditions.
3. The demand for goods created jobs, as did the building of
cities, railroads, and factories.
4. Politics changed as leaders had to meet the demands of an
industrial society.
5. Because of their technological and economic advantage, the
Western powers came to dominate the world more than ever
before.
(How were other nations able to catch up with Britain so quickly? What factors led to the industrialization of other nations after Britain?)
II. Technology Sparks Industrial Growth.
A. The technology for American’s first textile factory came from
Britain.
B. Henry Bessemer patented a new process for making steel from
iron.
1. The steel was lighter, harder, and more durable.
C. Innovations in Chemistry.
1. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, an explosive much safer than
others at the time.
D. Electric power replaces steam.
1. Alessandro Volta developed the 1st battery around 1800.
2. Later English chemist Michael Faraday created the 1st electrical
motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates
electricity.
3. Today all electricity comes from it.
4. In the 1870s, American inventor Thomas Edison made the first
electric light bulb.
E. New method of Production.
1. Manufactures designed products with interchangeable parts, or
identical components that could be used in place of one
another.
2. By the early 1900s, manufacturers had introduced the assembly
line.
3. Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moved
along a belt from one workstation to another each person
adding a new part.
(Who invented dynamite? What did Henry Bessemer patent? Who created the dynamo? What was the dynamo’s impact on the Industrial Revolution?)
III. Transportation and Communication Advances.
A. Transportation and communication were transformed by
technology.
B. The Automobile age begins and Airplanes take flight.
1. German engineer, Nikolaus Otto, invented a gasoline-powered
internal combustion engine.
2. The internal combustion engine made possible sustained, pilot-
controlled flight.
3. The Wright Brothers designed and flew a flimsy airplane in
1903 using the new engine.
4. In the early 1900s, Ford began using the assembly line to mass-
produce cars that reached top speeds of 25 miles per hour
making the U.S. a leader in the industry.
C. Better communication made the world smaller with the
development of the telegraph, the phone, and the radio.
IV. Business Takes a New Direction
A. By the late 1800s, big business formed giant corporations, or
businesses that are owned by many investors who own stocks
that raises money for the corporation.
1. Stocks were shares in the company.
2. Companies were allowed to raise capital or money by selling
stocks.
B. Some businesses, known as monopolies, came to control entire
industries.
1. John D. Rockefeller built the Standard Oil Company into an
empire by gaining control of oil wells, refineries, and pipelines.
2. He dominated the American petroleum industry.
C. These were then regulated by some governments in order to
limit growth and foster competition.
(What did the internal combustion engine make possible? What did the Wright Brothers design? What are corporations?)