If there are “CUES” listed within the question, please USE them and UNDERLINE them in your answer!

Chapter 13

  1. Use Figure 13.3 to discuss a karyotype and how it is used. (CUES: sister chromatids, genome, genetic disorders, non-disjunction)
  2. Use Figure 13.7 to summarize the major steps in meiosis. Be sure to differentiate between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids.
  3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS compare & contrast mitosis & meiosis. Use Figure 13.9 in your comparison. (CUES: diploid, haploid, homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, tetrads, clone, gamete)
  4. Describe in detail how independent assortment, crossing over & random fertilization each contribute to genetic variation within a species.
  5. An organism has a diploid number of 2n = 6. Draw a series of diagrams of chromosomes in a cell of this organism as it goes through the following stages of the cell cycle, making sure to display crossing over:
  6. G1, prior to meiosisb. G2, prior to meiosis
  1. Prophase of meiosis Id. Metaphase of meiosis I
  1. Metaphase of meiosis IIf. Cytokinesis at the conclusion of meiosis II

Chapter 14

  1. In a population of pea plants in a greenhouse, self-pollination can occur. Refer back to Concept 13.1 and explain whether self-pollination is considered asexual or sexual reproduction. Please address your reasoning for why it is one and not the other.
  2. Use Figure 14.7 to describe a testcross and how it is used. (CUES: homozygous dominant, heterozygous, homozygous recessive, genotype, phenotype)
  3. Use Table 14.2 to explain blood type & multiple alleles.
  4. Use Figure 14.12 to explain the role of polygenic inheritance.
  5. Pair each of the four following terms to one of the four descriptions below, and then explain why that pairing demonstrates that term.
  6. Epistasisb. Dominance c. Co-dominance d. Incomplete dominance

 True-breeding spherical peas bred with true-breeding wrinkled peas produced offspring that were all spherical. (CUES: heterozygous, homozygous, allele)

True-breeding white-flowered snapdragons bred with true-breeding red-flowered snapdragons produced offspring that were all pink-flowered. (CUES: phenotype, genotype)

A man with blood type A and a woman with blood type B produce a daughter with blood type AB. (CUES: genotype, phenotype, multiple alleles, glycoproteins)

A male Labrador retriever dog with a black coat-color and a female Labrador retriever dog with a chocolate coat-color produce a puppy that has a yellow coat color. (CUE: gene expression)

  1. Explain the following recessively inherited diseases in humans: Tay-Sachs, cystic fibrosis, & sickle-cell disease.
  2. Explain the dominantly inherited diseases in humans: Huntington's Disease & achondroplasia.
  3. Using Figure 14.17, explain the various types of genetic tests that are used for genetic counseling, including amniocentesis and CVS.

Chapter 15

  1. Use Figure 15.2 to explain how the Laws of Segregation & Independent Assortment lead to the following outcome: Parent w/ genotype YyRr produces gametes w/ genotypes YR, yr, Yr, & yR.
  2. Explain the Inquiry & Experiment in Figure 15.4. Include in your answer an explanation regarding why only the males have white eyes. Is it possible for females to have white eyes? Provide a Punnett square as evidence to support your answer. (CUES: dominant, recessive, sex-linked.)
  3. Steroid hormones such as testosterone (gonadal androgen) lead to differentiation of the male reproductive system. However, if the receptors for the hormones are non-functional due to a mutation in the gene for the androgen-receptor protein, a condition called “complete androgen insensitivity” is likely to develop and result in a female-like external phenotype. Note that all affected individuals have a Y chromosome that is typically normal. The syndrome is not seen in genetic (XX) females, however. Speculate on the chromosomal location of the mutation that causes this developmental abnormality and explain your answer fully.
  4. Use Figure 15.5 to explain whether the genes for body color & wing type are on the same or different chromosomes. (CUES: parental phenotype, recombinant phenotype, linked genes.)
  5. Discuss how recombination frequencies can be used to create a linkage map (Figure 15.7). (CUES: recombination frequency, map unit)
  6. Explain why tortoiseshell cats are almost always female. (CUES: Barr bodies, inactive X, DNA methylation.)
  7. Use Figure 15.12 to explain non-disjunction.
  8. Use Figure 15.14 to explain different ways chromosome can be altered.
  9. After a translocation event affecting chromosome 22, a gene can be activated that codes for an intracellular kinase. Review the discussion of cell cycle control and cancer in Chapter 12, and explain how the activation of this gene could contribute to the development of cancer. (CUES: phosphorylation, mitosis, activation, tumor)

“Can Credit” Question

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder whose symptoms can be reduced by avoiding certain foods in the diet. Explain the following:

1) the symptoms of PKU

2) what causes the symptoms

3) what foods must be eliminated in the diet in order to avoid symptoms.