1803

  • Louisiana Purchase made by Thomas Jefferson from Napoleon Bonaparte of France. Doubled the Size of the U.S.

New England Colonies (North)

  • Settled mostly by white Puritans seeking religious freedom.
  • Mostly intolerant of other religions.
  • strong work ethic
  • lands were not good for farming. Colonists living in this area had fish and plenty of timber (wood). Harsh winters.
  • Economy: fishing, ship building, crafts, manufacturing
  • high population density & large urban areas (ports & waterways)

Middle Colonies

  • Settled mostly by white Protestants of different religions.
  • good farm land, fur resources, and cool climate
  • "bread basket" colonies
  • Economy: farming, furs, grew wheat, herding animals
  • high population density & large urban areas (ports & waterways)

Southern Colonies

  • Settled mostly for economic reasons
  • Some very wealthy settlers (nobles) lived in this area. They owned large PLANTATIONS or farms.
  • slave population grew due to good farm land
  • Economy: mostly farming, small farms and plantations exported cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton)
  • low population density

Mercantilism

  • The economic system of colonial America in which the British controlled all trade. Colonies would send raw materials to England, and England would manufacture and sell back to the colonies. Colonies were not allowed to choose trade partners or make certain products.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

  • 1st written constitution in the colonies. Our U.S. Constitution is modeled after it.

The Virginia House of Burgesses

  • 1st representative lawmaking body in colonial America. Our congress is modeled after this concept.

English Bill of Rights

  • Guaranteed British citizens certain rights such as speedy trial and trial by jury. Our Constitution includes a Bill of Rights (first 10 Amendments)

Religious Groups that came to Colonies

  • Quakers
  • Puritans (New England)
  • Catholics (Maryland)
  • Separatists

Proclamation of 1763

  • King George III did not allow colonists to cross west of the Appalachian Mountains after the French and Indian War. This angered colonists who wanted the fertile farm land across the Appalachians.
  • Mountains served as buffer to reduce threat of violence

George Washington

  • First president of the United States
  • was Commander in Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution
  • Soldier during the French and Indian War
  • Wrote the Farewell Address
  • Member of the Continental Congress

Declaration of Independence

  • July 4,1776
  • List of grievances (complaints) colonists had against the British government
  • Inspired by John Locke
  • Written by Thomas Jefferson

Unalienable Rights

  • Life
  • Liberty
  • Pursuit of Happiness
  • Rights that cannot be taken, you were born with

Battles of Lexington & Concord

  • 1st battles of the American Revolution
  • Paul Revere's Ride, "The British are coming"
  • nicknamed "the shot heard around the world"

Battle of Saratoga

  • turning point of the American Revolution
  • After this battle, France became allies with the colonies
  • (examples: Marquis de Lafayette, use of French navy during battle of Yorktown, etc.)

Battle of Yorktown

  • British General Cornwallis surrenders and brings an end to the American Revolution

Winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania

  • winter of 1777
  • Colonial Army trained into professional soldiers
  • Many deserted, died, or had disease
  • harsh winter. Many got frostbite

Treaty of Paris of 1783

  • Ended the American Revolution
  • Signed in Paris, France
  • American independence recognized

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

  • plan created by Alexander Hamilton to get the country's finances in order
  • proposed the following: creation of national bank, tax on whiskey, protective tariffs, combining all debts of the American Revolution, same currency for all states
  • his tax on whiskey caused the Whiskey Rebellion

Marbury vs. Madison

  • Court case in which Judicial review was established by Judge John Marshall
  • Marbury was suing in court because he was not being hired as judge after John Adams left office
  • The supreme court ruled that the law under which Marbury was hired was unconstitutional, and because the president that hired him was no longer in office, the government was not obligated to hire him

Thomas Jefferson

  • 3rd president of the United States
  • purchased the Louisiana Territory
  • passed the Embargo Act of 1807 and the Non-Intercourse Act in order to maintain neutrality
  • a leader in the American Revolution
  • chief writer of the Declaration of independence

Protective Tariffs

  • North wanted high protective tariffs
  • South did not want high protective tariffs because they did not manufacture and imported most of their goods

War of 1812

  • U.S. vs. the British
  • Main reason for war was impressments of American sailors
  • There was no winner in the war. It was a draw (both sides gave up).
  • War ended with the Treaty of Ghent
  • U.S. gained respect as world power and started to manufacture their own goods

James Monroe

  • 5th president of the United States
  • wrote and enacted the Monroe Doctrine
  • Florida is ceded by Spain to the United States (Andrew Jackson is sent to Florida to threaten Spain)

Monroe Doctrine

  • The Monroe Doctrine forbade European countries from colonizing and interfering with the Americas (both north and south)

Andrew Jackson

  • hero of the Battle of New Orleans, later elected president of the United States
  • Democratic; friend to the "common man"
  • gave all white men the right to vote, regardless of land ownership
  • passed the Indian Removal Act which caused the Trail of Tears
  • Spoils System

Indian Removal Act

  • because of Manifest Destiny, Americans wanted Native American lands
  • this law allowed the President to remove Indian Tribes living east of the Mississippi.
  • Tribes were to be moved west to reservations

Worcester vs. Georgia

  • Cherokee tribe sued the state of Georgia to keep their homeland
  • lost the first trial, and went back to court a second time to argue that they were a sovereign nation and that Georgia's ruling over them was unconstitutional. Settlers were also occupying their homeland which was a violation of Georgia's laws
  • Jackson ignored Cherokee victory and continued to allow settlers to continue to occupy Cherokee lands.

Nullification Crisis

  • during Jackson's presidency there was a debate over tariffs
  • South Carolina nullifies (ignore a law they think is unconstitutional) these tariffs since they believe them to be unconstitutional.
  • With the support of John C. Calhoun, South Carolina tells President Jackson that if they are made to pay tariffs, they will secede from the union.
  • Henry Clay arranges for the rate of the tariffs to be lower, and for the moment avoid the secession of the state.

Northwest Ordinance

  • a set of qualifications, rules and guidelines by which a territory could become part of the United States.
  • Qualifications were as follows:
  • Self-government, have a constitution that was similar to the U.S. Constitution
  • Have at least 5,000 men who owned 50 acres each
  • 60,000 total population

Manifest Destiny

  • the idea that it was the United States' God-given right to expand from sea to shining sea
  • Westward expansion, growth, acquisition of new territories, removal of Native Americans, allowed religious groups some religious freedom

Industrialization

  • When machines/tools replace human labor
  • caused urbanization to occur
  • more job opportunities in cities
  • working in factories provided a more stable job than farming
  • Industry had its beginnings during the War of 1812, when Americans had to learn to manufacture their own goods.

Mexican American War

  • war between Mexico and the United States in order to settle the border of between the United States and Mexico, and to decide Texas' fate
  • considered to be a "war of aggression" because it was purposely started by the United States as a means of fulfilling its Manifest Destiny and expansion
  • Ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexican Cession 1848

  • territory won from Mexico during the Mexican-American war
  • Included part of New Mexico, Colorado, California, Nevada, New Mexico and several other western states

Kansas-Nebraska Act

  • Proposed by Stephen F. Douglas
  • based on the idea of popular sovereignty
  • allowed for Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not they would enter the union as slave or free
  • caused "Bloody Kansas"

Effects of the War of 1812

  • U.S. gained international respect for withstanding the British attack
  • improved the professionalism of the U.S. Army
  • creation of a cottonmanufacturing industry and other manufacturing establishments making the U.S. industrially independent of Europe.

Impact of the Monroe Doctrine

  • The U.S. saw itself as a world power and a protector of Latin America
  • Prevented other nations from colonizing in America even today

Seneca Falls (1848)

  • Publicized need for expansion of women’s rights

Impact of the Election of Andrew Jackson

  • shift of power to the common man because of suffrage rights
  • eliminated property ownership for voting
  • his views left a legacy to the modern Democratic Party
  • Democracy in social, economic, and political life
  • Government by the people

Roots of Manifest Destiny

  • *Economic new land for farmers; new trade routes and markets
  • *Political expansion of the nation's territory; expansion of slavery
  • *Social remove Native Americans

Impact of Tariff Policies on the North

  • helped the industrialization by making prices more competitive against cheap imports
  • northerners liked tariffs because it caused Americans to buy more American made products by increasing the cost of European imported manufactured goods

Impact of Tariff Policies on the South

  • saw high tariffs as a burden since it had little industry and imported most nonagricultural goods mostly from Europe

Free Enterprise System

  • evolutionary process during the 1800's
  • Americans focused on the right to choose trade partners, prices, and products
  • ideas of capitalism over mercantilism
  • European countries were too far away to control how colonies did business and trade
  • Revolution occurred when England tried to regain control of trade and industry in America

4 Components of Free Enterprise and Economic Freedom

  • Private property
  • Voluntary exchange
  • Profit motive
  • Supply and demand

Benefits of the Free Enterprise System

  • Specialization
  • Foreign investment
  • rights of workers and owners protected by U.S. Constitution
  • diverse economy
  • less dependency on foreign markets
  • Industrial Revolution in the 19th Century

Federalism

  • the distribution of power between a federal government and the states within a union
  • in the Constitution, certain powers are only given to states, others only to the federal government, and others are shared powers

5th Amendment

  • right to due process
  • right not to be tried for the same crime twice (double jeopardy)
  • right not to testify against yourself

6th Amendment

  • right to speedy public trial

8th Amendment

  • right not to have excessive bail and/or punishment

10th Amendment

  • rights to the states

Educational Reform

  • allowed public education by opening public schools primarily in the North, as well as private grade schools and colleges by churches and other groups
  • Horace Mann

Impact of Transportation Systems

  • allow people and goods to move to urban areas in large numbers where there are markets, business opportunities, and jobs

Canals

  • man made waterways used for travel and/or shipping
  • The Erie Canal spurred the first great westward movement of American settlers, gave access to the rich land and resources west of the Appalachians and helped make New York the prominent commercial city in the U.S.

Transcontinental Railroad

  • nationwide transportation network that united the Nation by connecting the Eastern coast with the Western coast
  • allowed for the transportation of larger quantities of goods over longer distances
  • was used by immigrants to migrate west and form new settlements in western states