Chapter 9: Jefferson

“We are all Federalists, We are all Republicans”

Thomas Jefferson

1800 Election: Jeffersonian Republicans control Congress and the White House, but not the Judiciary.

Midnight Appointments: John Adams appoints federalists to district courts. John Marshall is elevated to Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Jeffersonian Ideals:

America is an agrarian society

States rights

Small central government

Small armed forces

Neutrality

Westward expansion

Safety Valve Theory

Jefferson Administration

Westward expansion

Essay on Population

Thomas Malthus (1801)

Large population concentration weakens government’s ability to respond to society’s needs

1801 Land Act

1820 Land Act

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Role of James Monroe

Why did Napoleon Bonaparte sell his claims west of the Mississippi River?

1.

2.

3.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)

Objective: Catalogue and detail the topography of the Louisiana Purchase.

Significance:

Jeffersonian Indian Policy

Goals: Acquire Indian lands by treaty

Acculturation of the tribes into Anglo-American life

Cherokee Tribes (Georgia)

  1. Government based on American constitution
  2. Language based on an alphabet

Sequoyah

  1. Adopted slavery as an institution

Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)

Indiana + Illinois lands ceded 3 million acres to the United States

Delaware, Miami, and Shawnee tribes

Tecumseh opposed the Treaty of Fort Wayne leads armed resistance against further settler incursions into the Northwest Territory.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) William Henry Harrison leads 1000 militia in a successful military campaign against Native American forces.

1814: Creek War: Alabama + Tennessee

Why the conflict?

General Andrew Jackson

Hickory Ground

Horseshoe Bend: Creeks devastated with 800 warriors killed.

Jackson chases the Creeks into Georgia and Florida

The War of 1812

“No Entangling Alliances”

Thomas Jefferson

United States Objectives:

  1. Neutrality
  2. Free Trade with Europe

1805: Essex Decision

1806: Orders in Council

Continental System

1807 Embargo Act

1810: Macon Bill #2

The immediate causes of the War of 1812:

  1. War Hawks
  2. British support of Native American tribes in the Old Northwest
  3. Impressment and the British blockade of the continent

Key events:

Hartford Convention

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Consequences of the war:

  1. Little territorial change
  2. Andrew Jackson emerges as a national hero
  3. Era of Good Feeling

Francis Cabot Lowell

Eli Whitney interchangeable parts

Robert Fulton steamboat

National Road 1806-1850 Cumberland Road

Erie Canal 1825

B & O Railroad 1825

Major Trends in the Jeffersonian Era

1801-1824

  1. Federalism and Nationalistic Philosophy

Marbury v. Madison (1801)

Judicial review

McCullough v. Maryland (1819)

Supremacy Clause

Dartmouth College Case (1821)

Contracts and the State governments

  1. Sectional Divisions & Slavery

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Role of Henry Clay

Mason Dixon Line 36’ 30

“Slavery is like holding a wolf by the ears, you didn’t like it but your dare not let it go.”

Thomas Jefferson

  1. Foreign Policy

Monroe Doctrine (1823

Role of John Quincy Adams

Principles of the Monroe Doctrine

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

United States acquires Florida