(1)High Heat of Vaporization, Adhesion, Cohesion

1)Chemistry

a)Water

i)Structure

ii)Importance

(1)high heat of vaporization, adhesion, cohesion

b)Carbon

i)Organic Chemistry

ii)4 Organic Groups

(1)Proteins

(2)Lipids

(3)Nucleic acids

(4)Carbohydrates

c)Inorganic Chemistry

i)H2O, O2, CO2, NH2

d)Enzymes

i)Lock and Key (Induced fit)

ii)ender and exergonic

iii)hydrolysis

2)The Cell

a)Prokaryotic

i)bacteria

ii)cytoplam, ribosomes, Circular DNA, cell membrane, cell wall

iii)reproduction called binary fission

b)Eukaryotic

i)What are membrane bound organelles?

ii)Plant

(1)Cell wall

(2)Chloroplasts

(3)Large central vacuole

(4)No centriols (these help in cell division of animal cells)

(5)see animal cell parts

iii)Animal

(1)cytoplasm

(2)nucleus

(3)ribosomes

(4)mitochondria

(5)vacuole

(6)cilia and flagella

(7)cytoskeleton, protein fibers/framework of the cell, imprtant in muscle contraction

c)Membranes

i)phospholipid bilayer

(1)2 layer of fats

(2)protein throughout help with transport and enzyme reactions

ii)active transport

(1)against concentration gradient

iii)passive transport

(1)diffusion

(2)osmosis, must be water, thru a membrane, from high to low concentration

(3)be able to predict changes of a cell in different solutions

(a)hypo, iso, hypertonic

d)Photosynthesis

i)happens in the chloroplast

ii)Light reaction

(1)uses light to split water

(2)Oxygen is made

(3)H ions are used to generate ATP needed for Dark reaction

(a)H left over bind to NADP

iii)Dark reaction (Aka calvin cycle)

(1)Takes in ATP and NADPH from Light reaction

(2)Takes in CO2

(3)H are added from NADPH to CO2 and eventually (C6H12O6) is made

e)Respiration

i)The prducts of photosynthesis are the reactans of respiatation and visaversa

ii)Glycolysis

(1)Anerobic or aerobic

(2)In the cytoplasm

(3)makes 2 atp

(4)Splits Sugar (C6H12O6) into 2 pyruvate

iii)Krebs (AKA citric acid cycle)

(1)AEROBIC ONLY

(2)in the mitochondria

(3)pyruvates are broken down

(4)CO2 is relased

(5)H are bonded to NAD and FAD to make NADH and FADH2

(6)NADH and FADH2 go to the ETC in the mitochondria

iv)ETC

(1)NADH and FADH2 drop off the H’s, the electron part “falls” down the electron transport chain (ETC)

(2)The proton is pupmed using that falling energy

(3)When the proton falls back down its concentration gradient, ATP is generated

(4)The H proton binds to O and the O is the electron acceptor for the ETC so water is also made

f)Homostasis

i)Buffers

ii)pH

iii)Salinity

iv)temperature

g)Cell Theory

i)Three parts

h)Cell Cycle

i)Most of time spent in interphase

(1)cell growth/rest and copy of DNA

ii)Then Mitosis (or meiosis)

(1)Cell division

(2)Prophase, metea, ana, and telophase

(3)makes and identical copy of the cell

3)Genetics

a)Meiosis

i)cell cycle is happening in reproductive sites

ii)makes 4 cells instead of 2 (makes haploid (n) not 2n diploid

iii)goes thru PMAT twice

iv)makes sex cells/gametes

b)Mendel

i)What were his experiments

ii)Law of segregation

iii)Law of independent assortment

iv)Monohybrid

v)Dihybrid

vi)Heterozygous

vii)Homozygous dominant or recessive

c)NON Mendel Genetics

i)Sex linked traits

ii)Multiple alleles

(1)Be able to determine parents and child blood type

iii)codominance

iv)Incomplete Dominance

v)Polygenics

d)Pedigree

i)Be able to cross people based on pedigree

ii)Sexlinked

iii)Autosomal

iv)Carriers

e)Chromosomes

i)Karyotypes

ii)amniocentesis

f)DNA

i)Double stranded

(1)Hydrogen bonds hold strands

ii)ATGC

iii)sugar (C6H12O6) phosphate backbone

iv)Replication is semiconservative

g)Protein Synthesis

i)Transcription

(1)mRNA from DNA template

(2)no T’s, U’s

(3)single stranded

(4)in nucleus of eukaryotes

ii)Translation

(1)in the cytoplasm on a ribosome

(2)tRNA bring amino acids

(3)protein formation

(4)know haw to reat the chart for amino acid codes IE UUU = phenalalaine or aomething

h)Mutations

i)DNA

ii)chromosomal

i) Be aware of and describe

i)sickle cell,

ii) cystic fibrosis,

iii)hemophilia,

iv)Down’s syndrome,

v) Hunington’s and diabetes,

vi)cardiovascular disease,

vii)cancer,

viii)asthma,

ix)malnutrition

j)DNA technology

i)Genetics vs environmental health problems

ii)Cloning

iii)Forensic Science

(1)Gel electrophoresis

(a)DNA is cut by restriction enzymes

(b)The cut DNA is placed into a gel bed

(c)an electric current seperates the DNA fragments into a finger print

(d)be able to identify a suspect or find what parents belong to a child

iv)Agriculture

v)Health and medicine

(1)Gene therapy

(2)Twin studies

4)Evolution

a)Evidence

i)Biochemical

ii)Embryological

iii)Fossil record, Half life date

iv)Anatomical

(1)homologous structures

(2)vestigial structures

b)How old is the earth

i)Miller and Urey

ii)Early earth atmosphere

c)Biogenesis vs abiogenesis

i)Pasture

ii)Redi

d)Populations

i)Populations evolve and ORGANISMS donot

e)Why are mutations the key behind evolution?

i)Pesticide resistance

ii)Antibiotic resistance

f)Darwin

i)Lamarck was correct about evolution, his mechanism of USE and DisUse was wrong

ii)Darwin thought that you must have variation, competition for survival, weak die, string are those who can pass on their DNA

5)Diverity

a)5 Kingdoms (or 6 kingdoms, or 3 domains), distinguish them

b)Moneran- prokaryotic, photo/auto/chemotryophes, unicellular

c)Protista- eukaryotic catch all group for anythink not an animal, plant or fungi, usuallu unicellular, some multi

d)Fungi- chitin in cell wall, heterotrophes

e)Plants- cellulose in cell wall, chloropasts make autotrophes

f)Animals- no cell wall, heterotrphes

g)Viruses (not a kingdom b/c not really alive)

6)Plants

a)Classification

i)Bryophytes

ii)Pterophytes

iii)Gymnosperms

iv)Angiosperms

v)Compare how life on land is different than in the water

b)Food

i)Photosynthesis

ii)leaf

iii)phloem

iv)Store as starch

c)Water

i)Transpiration

ii)roots

iii)cutical

iv)stomata

v)guard cells

vi)xylem

d)Reproduction

i)Alternation of generations

7)Invertebrates

a)Classification

i)Cnidarian

ii)Annelida

iii)Arthropoda

iv)Mollusca

v)these are just the main ones

b)Food

i)must digest food

c)Water

i)if on land, needs a way to conserve water

d)Reproduction

e)Compare how life on land is different than in the water

8)Vertebrates

a)Classification

i)Chordata

(1)fish, sharks

(2)Amphibian

(3)Reptile

(4)Aves (birds)

(5)Mammals

(a)placental

(b)marsupial

(c)momotreme

b)Food

i)must move to get food, have a digestive tract

c)Water

i)must be able to maintain water loss, ie kidney scales

d)Compare how life on land is different than in the water

e)Reproduction

i)first laid eggs in water, then amniotic egg

ii)Temperature may determine sex in some amphibians and reptiles

9)Human

a)The major systems and the function for each, type of cells

i)Integumentary-skin

ii)Muscle

iii)Skeletal

iv)Digestive

v)Excretory

vi)Endocrine

vii)Nervous

viii)Reproduction

ix)Immune

x)Cardiovascular

xi)Respiratory

10)Ecology

a)Behaviors

i)instinct

ii)learned

iii)parental behavior,

iv)feeding strategies.

v)Behavioral responses to environmental changes

vi)plant tropisms -photo and geotropisms, thigmotropisms

vii)taxis (chemo and photo),

viii)reflexes,

ix)conditioning & Pavlov

x)Habituation

xi)Trial and Error

xii)biological clocks

xiii)and rhythmic behavior of organisms.

(1)circadian rhythms,

(2)migration,

(3)estivation,

(4)hibernation,

(5)adaptive value of biological clocks

xiv)Courtship rituals,

xv)coevolution,

xvi)social behavior

b)Cycles

i)C

ii)N

iii)water

c)Population Growth

i)limiting factors

ii)carrying capacity

iii)exponental growth

iv)Human population growth

v)Succession, primary and secondary

vi)Climax community

d)Biomes

i)know how they are classified- ie by rain and temperature

ii)going away from the equator gives the same patter on biome change as going up a mountain

iii)niche

e)Food Pyramids

i)mass

ii)energy- you lose 90% as you go up each trophic level

iii)numbers

f)Food webs/chains

i)Producers (autotrophes)

ii)Consumers (heterotrophes)

iii)herbivors, carnivors, omni

iv)trophic level

v)decomposers

g)biological magnification

h)Global warming is effected by…

i)Relationships

i)mutualism

ii)predator prey

iii)commensalism

iv)parasitism

PEOPLE TO KNOW

Know main contribution and be able to draw different conclusions about nature of science (see strands) from these scientists:

Gregory Mendel,

Charles Darwin,

Louis Pasteur,

Carols Linnaeus,

Rachel Carson,

Charles Drew,

James Watson and Francis Crick,

Jane Goodall