Citing Sources for Research Papers, Based on APA Style
The sources in a paper are listed alphabetically on a separate page headed References. It follows the final page of the text and is numbered. Entries appear in alphabetical order according to the last name of the author; two or more works by the same author appear in chronological order by date of publication date. When using the examples below, it is important to follow the suggested pattern closely, even to the spacing of periods, commas, etc.
Book
Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star Trek chronology: The history of the future. New York: Pocket Books.
Book with More than One Author
Natarajan, R., & Chaturvedi, R. (1983). Geology of the Indian Ocean. Hartford, CT: University of Hartford Press.
Book: Edited Volume
Stanton, D. C. (Ed.). (1987). The female autograph: Theory and practice of
autobiography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Book Article or Chapter
James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Encyclopedia Article
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
CD ROM Encyclopedia Article
Cashman, Katharine V. "Volcano." World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia. 1999 d. CD-ROM. Chicago: World Book Inc., 1999.
Journal or Magazine Article
Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star Trek:
The Next Generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 13(2), 53-65.
Newspaper Article
Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classe explore modern society using the world of Star Trek. The Mail Star , p. A3.
Brochure or Pamphlet
The Writing Center of Bedford South School. (1997). Writing: the goal is variety (4th ed.) [Brochure]. Bedford, NS : Author.
Don't forget to identify your resource as [Brochure] or [Pamphlet] within brackets.
Nonprint Media
(film):
Redford, R. (Director). (1980). Ordinary people [Film]. Paramount.
(Cassette):
Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Popular culture and the movies of Stephen King [Cassette]. Gainesville: Edwards.
(Musical recording):
Barber, S. (1995). Cello Sonata. On Barber [CD]. New York: EMI Records Ltd.
Website
Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. Retrieved
October 8, 1997, from Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club
Web site: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/
503r.html
If the author of a document is not identified, begin the reference with the title of the document.
Article in an electronic magazine (ezine)
Adler, J. (1999, May 17). Ghost of Everest. Newsweek. Retrieved May 19, 1999, from http://newsweek.com/nw sue/20_99a/printed/int/socu/so0120_1.htm
Personal Interview, Phone Conversation
Because this material is not recoverable (i.e., it is not possible for someone else to see or hear it), it should not be listed in the list of References/Bibliography. It can, however, be listed parenthetically within the text. (See “In Text Citations” below)
(interview):
(R. Wilbur, personal communication, March 28, 1968)
(phone conversation):
According to Connie May Fowler, the sources for her novel Sugar Cane were largely autobiographical (personal communication, July 22, 1997).
In Text Citations
The APA style uses the author-date in text method of citation. All of the sources are cited in complete format in your list of references at the end of the paper. The format for in text citations is as follows: the last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text. For example:
One author: A single factor cannot explain the success of the soft drink industry (Smith, 2000). OR
According to Smith, no single factor can explain the success of the soft drink industry (2000).
Two authors: Brabant and Mooney (1986) have used the comic strip to examine evidence of sex role stereotyping. OR The comic strip has been used to examine evidence of sex role stereotyping (Mooney & Brabant, 1986).
More than two but less than six authors: List every author the first time. After that cite only the last name of the first author followed by "et al." Example: Cramer, Jackson, Smith, and Jones (1992) found evidence that ... For subsequent citations: Cramer et al. (1992) found ...
Six or more authors: Cite only the surname of the first author followed by "et al."
No author: Cite the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, and underline the title of a periodical, book, brochure or report. Examples: From the book Study Guide (2000) ... or ("Reading," 1999)
To cite a specific part of a source: Indicate the page, chapter, figure, table or equation at the appropriate point in text. Examples: (James, 2001, p. 231), (Gouge, 1999, chapt. 3) and (Bates, 2001, table 3)
A Note on Plagiarism
Plagiarism has always concerned teachers who want students’ work to represent their own efforts and to reflect the outcomes of their learning. Plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately use someone else’s words, or other original material without acknowledging the source. To avoid plagiarism, every effort will be made to guide students through the research process:
□ Choosing a topic
□ Identifying sources of information, including search strategies
□ Note taking
□ Documenting sources
□ Writing drafts
□ Revising
□ Editing
□ Preparing final copies