2-3 CARBON COMPOUNDS

______– the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

The Chemistry of Carbon

-Why is carbon special?

  • It has ______(outer) electrons to form strong ______bonds
  • Can bond with many ______and itself, including H, O. P, S, and N
  • Can form ______and ______to create large complex structures

Macromolecules

-Means “______”

-Built by a process called ______

-______– smaller units of macromolecules

-______– a macromolecule (made of monomers that are similar or different)

-4 major groups: ______, ______, ______, and ______

Carbohydrates

  • Compounds made up of _____, ______and ______, usually in a __:__:__ ratio
  • ______source
  • Also used for ______purposes
  • Simple Sugars
  • ______– simple sugars, carbohydrate monomer
  • Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose
  • ______– two simple sugars joined together
  • Ex: table sugar – glucose and fructose
  • Complex Carbohydrates
  • ______molecules formed from ______
  • Ex: Glycogen “animal starch” store of excess sugar for muscle contraction
  • Ex: Starch (stores excess sugar) and Cellulose (for strength)

Lipids

  • Made mostly of ______and ______
  • Many different kinds
  • Not ______in water
  • Used as a ______source
  • Used in biological ______and ______coverings
  • Some are used as chemical ______(ex. Steroids, ______)
  • Monomer
  • ______
  • ______
  • ______– No carbon double bonds, saturated with hydrogen in fatty acid
  • ______– At least one carbon double bond in fatty acid (liquid at room temperature)
  • Polyunsaturated – More than one carbon ______bond in fatty acid (liquid at room temperature)

Nucleic Acids

  • Macromolecules containing ______, ______, ______, ______and ______
  • Monomer – ______, which consists of three parts: 5- carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
  • Used to ______and transmit ______information
  • Used to ______and transfer ______energy ______term
  • Two types: DNA and RNA

Protein

  • Macromolecules that contain ______, ______, ______and ______
  • Monomers – ______
  • Made of an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other
  • More than ______are found in nature
  • Differ in the ______which gives each amino acid ______properties
  • Form covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonds with one another, as well as use van der waals forces to create their ______structure of fold
  • ______bonds – are covalent bonds that link amino acids together
  • Used to ______the rate of reactions and ______cell processes
  • Used to ______cell structures
  • Used to ______substances into and out of cells
  • Used to help ______diseases
  • The most diverse macromolecules