WT/TPR/S/350 • United States
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TRADE POLICY REVIEW
REPORT BY THE SECRETARIAT
United States
This report, prepared for the 13th Trade Policy Review of the United States, has been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its own responsibility. The Secretariat has, as required by the Agreement establishing the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (Annex 3 of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization), sought clarification from the United States on its trade policies and practices.
Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Messrs. Angelo Silvy (tel: 022/739 5249), Cato Christian Adrian (tel: 022/739 5469), Michael Kolie (tel: 022/739 5931), and Xinyi Li (tel: 022/739 5579).
Document WT/TPR/G/350 contains the policy statement submitted by the United States.
Note: This report is subject to restricted circulation and press embargo until the end of the first session of the meeting of the Trade Policy Review Body on the United States. This report was drafted in English.
CONTENTS目录
SUMMARY摘要 8
1 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT经济环境 13
1.1 Recent Economic Developments近期经济发展 13
1.1.1 Output, employment, and prices产值、就业和价格 13
1.1.2 Fiscal policy财政政策 16
1.1.3 Monetary policy货币政策 18
1.1.4 Balance of payments国际收支 19
1.2 Developments in Trade and Investment贸易和投资趋势 21
1.2.1 Merchandise trade商品贸易 21
1.2.2 Trade in services服务贸易 23
1.3 Foreign Direct Investment外国直接投资 24
1.4 Outlook展望 26
2 TRADE AND INVESTMENT REGIME贸易和投资制度 27
2.1 General Framework总体框架 27
2.2 Trade Policy Objectives and Trade Policy Formulation贸易政策目标和制定 27
2.2.1 Trade policy objectives贸易政策目标 27
2.2.2 Trade policy formulation贸易政策制定 28
2.3 Trade Agreements and Arrangements贸易协定和安排 29
2.3.1 WTO世界贸易组织 29
2.3.2 Preferential agreements特惠协议 30
2.3.2.1 Reciprocal agreements互惠协议 30
2.3.2.2 Unilateral preferences单边优惠 31
2.3.2.2.1 Generalized system of preference (GSP) 普惠制（GSP） 32
2.3.2.2.2 African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)《非洲增长与机会法案》（AGOA） 33
2.3.2.2.3 Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI)加勒比海盆地优惠方案（CBI） 33
2.4 Investment regime投资制度 34
3 TRADE POLICIES AND PRACTICES BY MEASURE具体贸易政策措施 37
3.1 Measures Directly Affecting Imports直接影响进口的措施 37
3.1.1 Customs procedures and requirements海关程序与要求 37
3.1.1.1 Trade facilitation measures贸易便利化措施 37
3.1.1.1.1 Single window单一窗口 37
3.1.1.1.2 ACE Cargo Release自动化商业环境货物放行 39
3.1.1.1.3 Advance rulings预先裁决 39
3.1.1.1.4 Trusted trader programmes可信赖贸易商计划 40
3.1.1.1.4.1 Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) 海关-贸易商反恐伙伴关系（C-TPAT） 40
3.1.1.1.4.2 Importer Self-Assessment Program (ISA) 进口商自评计划 40
3.1.1.1.4.3 Free and Secure Trade System (FAST)自由与安全贸易体系 41
3.1.1.1.4.4 Trusted Trader Program Test可信赖贸易商计划测试 41
3.1.1.2 Import security initiatives进口安全行动计划 41
3.1.1.2.1 Container Security Initiative (CSI) 集装箱安全倡议（CSI） 41
3.1.1.2.2 Secure Freight Initiative (SFI) 安全货运行动计划 41
3.1.1.3 Foreign Trade Zones (FTZs) 对外贸易区（FTZ） 41
3.1.1.4 Bonded warehouses保税仓库 42
3.1.2 Customs valuation海关估价 42
3.1.3 Rules of origin原产地规则 42
3.1.3.1 Non-preferential非优惠性 42
3.1.3.2 Preferential优惠性 43
3.1.3.3 Country-of-origin marking原产国标识 43
3.1.3.4 Certification of origin原产地证书 43
3.1.4 Tariffs关税 43
3.1.4.1 Nomenclature税则目录 44
3.1.4.2 Applied rates实施税率 44
3.1.4.3 Bindings约束税率 46
3.1.4.4 Tariff-rate quotas关税配额 46
3.1.5 Other charges affecting imports影响进口的其他费用 46
3.1.5.1 Customs user fees海关使用费 46
3.1.5.1.1 Merchandise processing fee货物处理费 46
3.1.5.1.2 COBRA fees《统一综合预算调整法案》费 47
3.1.5.1.3 Harbor Maintenance Tax港口维护税 47
3.1.5.1.4 Agriculture fees农业费 48
3.1.5.2 Excise taxes消费税 49
3.1.6 Import prohibitions, restrictions, and special requirements进口禁止、限制和特殊要求 51
3.1.6.1 Prohibitions and restrictions禁止和限制 51
3.1.6.2 Import licensing进口许可 52
3.1.6.3 Controls, special procedures, or diplomatic measures管制、特殊程序或外交措施 52
3.1.7 Anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures反倾销、反补贴和保护措施 53
3.1.7.1 Legislation and administration立法和行政 53
3.1.7.2 Anti-dumping反倾销 57
3.1.7.3 Countervailing duties反补贴税 59
3.1.7.4 Safeguards保护措施 60
3.1.7.4.1 Global safeguards全球保护措施 60
3.1.7.4.2 Special safeguards特殊保护措施 61
3.1.8 Standards and other technical requirements标准和其他技术要求 61
3.1.9 Sanitary and phytosanitary requirements卫生和植物检疫要求 64
3.1.9.1 Basic legal and institutional framework基本法律和制度框架 64
3.1.9.2 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)食品药品管理局（FDA） 65
3.1.9.3 Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) 食品安全检验局（FSIS） 67
3.1.9.4 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) 动植物卫生检疫局（APHIS） 68
3.1.9.5 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 环境保护署（EPA） 68
3.2 Measures Directly Affecting Exports直接影响出口的措施 68
3.2.1 Export procedures and requirements出口程序和要求 68
3.2.2 Export taxes, charges, and levies出口税和费用 69
3.2.3 Export prohibitions, restrictions, and licensing出口禁止、限制和许可 69
3.2.3.1 Export Control Reform (ECR) Initiative出口管制改革措施 72
3.2.4 Export support and promotion出口支持与促进 72
3.2.4.1 Institutional structure制度结构 72
3.2.4.2 National Export Initiative (NEI) and NEI/NEXT国家出口振兴计划（NEI）和新阶段国家出口振兴计划（NEI/NEXT） 73
3.2.4.3 Drawback regime退税制度 74
3.2.5 Export finance, insurance, guarantees出口融资、保险和担保 74
3.2.5.1 The Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM) 美国进出口银行（EXIM） 74
3.2.5.2 Small Business Administration (SBA) Export Loan Programs小企业管理局（SBA）出口贷款计划 75
3.2.5.3 Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) 海外私营投资公司（OPIC） 76
3.3 Measures Affecting Production and Trade影响生产和贸易的措施 77
3.3.1 Incentives激励政策 77
3.3.2 Subsidies and other government assistance补贴和其他政府援助 78
3.3.3 Competition policy竞争政策 80
3.3.4 State trading, state-owned enterprises, and privatization国营贸易、国有企业和私有化 83
3.3.5 Government procurement政府采购 85
3.3.5.1 Overview概况 85
3.3.5.2 Institutional and legal framework制度和法律框架 86
3.3.5.3 Market access conditions市场准入条件 88
3.3.5.4 Set-asides and preferences预留和优惠 90
3.3.5.5 Bidding procedures招投标程序 92
3.3.6 Intellectual property rights知识产权 93
3.3.6.1 Overview概况 93
3.3.6.2 General regulatory framework统一监管框架 94
3.3.6.3 Patents专利 97
3.3.6.4 Industrial designs工业设计 99
3.3.6.5 Trademarks and geographical indications商标和地理标识 99
3.3.6.5.1 Trademarks商标 99
3.3.6.5.2 Geographical indications地理标识 100
3.3.6.6 Trade secret protection商业秘密的保护 100
3.3.6.7 Copyright版权 101
3.3.6.8 IP enforcement知识产权执法 102
4 TRADE POLICIES BY SECTOR按行业划分的贸易政策 105
4.1 Agriculture农业 105
4.1.1 Main features主要特点 105
4.1.2 The 2014 Farm Act《2014年农业法案》 107
4.1.2.1 Overview概况 107
4.1.2.2 Price Loss Coverage (PLC) 价格损失保障（PLC） 109
4.1.2.3 Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC) 农业风险保障（ARC） 110
4.1.2.4 Marketing loan programme市场贷款计划 110
4.1.2.5 Crop insurance作物保险 111
4.1.2.6 Cotton棉花 113
4.1.2.7 Sugar糖 113
4.1.2.8 Dairy sector乳品业 114
4.1.2.9 Other programmes其他计划 115
4.1.3 Trade measures贸易措施 116
4.1.3.1 Imports进口 116
4.1.3.2 Exports出口 117
4.1.3.3 Food aid粮食援助 117
4.1.4 Levels of support支助水平 118
4.2 Services服务业 120
4.2.1 Financial services金融服务 120
4.2.1.1 General overview概况 120
4.2.1.2 Legislative and regulatory framework立法和监管框架 121
4.2.1.3 Consolidated financial sector regulation统一金融部门法规 125
4.2.1.4 Banking services银行服务 126
4.2.1.5 Insurance services保险服务 128
4.2.1.6 Securities services债券服务 132
4.2.2 Telecommunications电信业 135
4.2.3 Transport交通运输业 138
4.2.3.1 Air transport and airports航空运输和机场 138
4.2.3.1.1 Air transport航空运输 138
4.2.3.1.2 Airports机场 140
4.2.3.2 Maritime transport, port services, and shipbuilding海运、港口服务和造船 141
4.2.3.2.1 Maritime transport海运 141
4.2.3.2.2 Port services港口服务 144
4.2.3.2.3 Shipbuilding and ship repairs船舶修造 145
5 APPENDIX TABLES附表 147
CHARTS图
Chart 1.1 Value added, by industry, 2015图1.1 2015年各行业附加值 13
Chart 1.2 Contribution to percent change in real GDP, 2010-16图1.2 2010-16年对实际国内生产总值百分比变化的贡献 15
Chart 1.3 U.S. current account and net financial flows, 2006-15图1.3 2006-2015年美国经常项目和净资金流 20
Chart 1.4 U.S. current account and oil products trade, 2010-16图1.4 2010-2016年美国经常项目和石油产品贸易 21
Chart 1.5 Merchandise trade, by main HS sections, 2012 and 2015图1.5 2012年和2015年商品贸易，按海关商品编码主要类别分 22
Chart 1.6 Merchandise trade, by main destinations and origins, 2012 and 2015图1.6 2012年和2015年商品贸易，按主要目的地和来源地分 23
Chart 1.7 FDI into the United States, 2008-15图1.7 2008-2015年美国外国直接投资流入量 24
Chart 1.8 Direct investment position on a historical-cost basis, by selected partners, 2012 and 2015图1.8 选定贸易伙伴2012年和2015年直接投资状况，基于历史成本 25
Chart 3.1 Frequency distribution of MFN tariff rates, 2016图3.12016年最惠国税率频率分布 45
Chart 4.1 U.S. exports and imports of agricultural products, 2000-15图4.1 2000-2015年美国农产品的进出口额 107
Chart 4.2 Green Box support in the United States, 2001-13图4.2 2001-2013年美国的“绿箱”支持措施 119
Chart 4.3 Amber Box support in the United States, 2001-13图4.2 2001-2013年美国的“黄箱”支持措施 119
TABLES表
Table 1.1 Main economic indicators, 2010-16表1.1 2010-2016年主要经济指标 14
Table 1.2 Current and capital accounts, 2010-16表1.2 2010-2016年经常项目和资本项目 19
Table 2.1 Free trade agreements in force, July 2016表2.1 2016年7月生效的自由贸易协定 30
Table 2.2 Selected foreign investment restrictions, July 2015表2.2 2015年7月确定的外国投资限制 34
Table 2.3 Covered transactions, Presidential decisions, and mitigation measures, 2011‑14表2.3 2011-2014年受辖交易、总统令和缓解措施 35
Table 2.4 Covered transactions, by country, 2012-14表2.4 2012-2014年受辖交易，按国别分 36
Table 3.1 Changes to preferential rules of origin, June 2012-July 2016表3.1 2012年6月-2016年7月优惠原产地规则的变更 43
Table 3.2 Structure of the tariff schedules, selected years表3.2 选定年份税率表结构 44
Table 3.3 COBRA fees表3.3 《统一综合预算调整法案》费 47
Table 3.4 Agricultural fees, applicable from 28 December 2015表3.4农业费，自2015年12月28日起施行 48
Table 3.5 Federal excise taxes表3.5 联邦消费税 50
Table 3.6 Anti-dumping investigations, 2013-June 2016表3.6 2013年-2016年6月反倾销调查 58
Table 3.7 Anti-dumping measures in force, by trading partner/region, 2013‑16表3.7 2013-2016年实施中的反倾销措施，按贸易伙伴/地区分 58
Table 3.8 Countervailing duty investigations and measures imposed, 2013-15表3.8 2013-2015年反补贴税调查和实施的措施 60
Table 3.9 Implementing regulations for the FSMA表3.9《食品安全现代化法案》实施条例 65
Table 3.10 Items subject to export restrictions, controls, licensing, or certification表3.10出口限制、管制、许可证或证书管辖项目 70
Table 3.11 Commerce Control List (CCL) and U.S. Munitions List (USML) 表3.11商品管制清单（CCL）和美国军品管制清单（USML） 71
Table 3.12 EXIM Bank authorizations, 2013-15表3.12 2013-2015年进出口银行授权 75
Table 3.13 Approved applications and loan amounts under SBA Export Loan Programs, 2012-15表3.13 2012-2015年小企业管理局出口贷款计划批准的申请和贷款数额 76
Table 3.14 Overview of OPIC activities, FY2013-15表3.14 2013-2015财年海外私营投资公司活动概况 77
Table 3.15 Federal subsidy programmes (non-agriculture), 2013-14表3.15 2013-2014年联邦补贴计划（非农业） 79
Table 3.16 DoJ actions against anticompetitive practices, FY2013-15表3.16 2013-2015财年司法部针对反竞争行为采取的行动 81
Table 3.17 FTC actions against anticompetitive practices, FY2013-15表3.17 2013-2015财年联邦贸易委员会针对反竞争行为采取的行动 81
Table 3.18 Government corporations, 2015表3.18 国营公司，2015年 84
Table 3.19 Government-sponsored enterprises表3.19政府支持企业 84
Table 3.20 Central government thresholds for the application of trade agreements, 2016‑17表3.20 2016-2017年适用自由贸易协定的中央政府阈值 88
Table 3.21 Most recent changes in intellectual property laws and regulations表3.12 知识产权法律法规的最新变化 95
Table 3.22 Summary of intellectual property protection in the United States, June 2016表3.22 2016年6月美国知识产权保护摘要 95
Table 4.1 Value of U.S. production, 2008-15表4.1 2008-2015年美国产值 105
Table 4.2 U.S. and world production and trade of selected commodities, 2008/09‑2015/16表4.2 2008-2009年、2015-2016年，选定商品在美国及世界的生产和贸易量 106
Table 4.3 U.S. exports and imports of selected products, 2012-15表4.3 2012-2015年美国部分产品的进出口额 106
Table 4.4 The 2014 Farm Act, main programmes表4.4 《2014年农业法案》，主要计划 108
Table 4.5 Crop insurance fiscal costs, by crop year, 2008-14表4.5 2008-2014年农业保险财政费用，按作物年度分 112
Table 4.6 MPP Dairy, premium payments表4.6乳制品利润保障项目乳制品保费 115
Table 4.7 Deliveries of food aid from the United States, 2008-12表4.7 2008-2012年美国粮食援助交付 117
Table 4.8 Total producer support estimate and single commodity transfer values for selected commodities, 2008-15表4.8 2008-2015年，总生产者支持估计值和选定商品的单一商品转移价 118
Table 4.9 Federal financial regulators and organizations表4.9 联邦金融监管机构和组织 122
Table 4.10 Federal financial regulators and entities supervised表4.10 联邦金融监管机构和受监管单位 123
Table 4.11 Top 10 life insurers, 2014表4.11 2014年十大寿险公司 131
Table 4.12 Top 10 P&C insurers, 2014表4.12 2014年十大财产保险公司 132
Table 4.13 Selected telecommunications indicators, 2011-15表4.13 2011-2015年部分电信指标 135
BOXES专题框
Box 2.1 Trade negotiating objectives, 2015 TPA专题框2.1 2015年贸易促进授权，贸易谈判目标 28
Box 3.1 Steps in implementing ACE专题框3.1 实施自动商业环境的步骤 38
APPENDIX TABLES附表
Table A1. 1 Merchandise exports, by HS sections and main chapters, 2012-15表A1. 1 2012-2015年商品出口，按海关商品编码类别和章节分 147
Table A1. 2 Merchandise imports, by HS sections and main HS chapters, 2012-15表A1. 2 2012-2015年商品出口，按海关商品编码类别和章节分 149
Table A1. 3 Merchandise exports, by trading partner, 2012-15表A1.3 2012-2015年按贸易伙伴分类的商品出口额 151
Table A1. 4 Merchandise imports, by trading partner, 2012-15表A1.4 2012-2015年按贸易伙伴分类的商品进口额 152
Table A1. 5 Commercial services exports, by type, 2012-15表A1.5 2012-2015年按服务类型分类的商业服务出口额 153
Table A1. 6 Commercial services imports, by type, 2012-15表A1.6 2012-2015年按服务类型分类的商业服务进口额 153
Table A1. 7 U.S. commercial services exports (modes 1, 2, and 4), by destination, 2012‑14表A1.7 2012-2014年美国商业服务出口（模式1、2、4），按目的地分 154
Table A1. 8 U.S. commercial services imports (modes 1, 2, and 4), by origin, 2012‑14表A1.8 2012-2014年美国商业服务出口（模式1、2、4），按来源地分 154
Table A1. 9 Services supplied by U.S. affiliates established abroad (outward FATS), by economy of affiliate, through mode 3, 2010-13表A1. 9 2010-2013年美国海外分支机构供应服务（向外分支机构），按分支经济体分，模式3 155
Table A1. 10 Services supplied by foreign affiliates in the United States (inward FATS), by economy of affiliate, through mode 3, 2010-13表A1. 10 2010-2013年外国分支机构在美国供应服务，（向外分支机构），按分支经济体分，模式3 155
Table A2. 1 The Trade Advisory Committee System表A2.1贸易咨询委员会系统 156
Table A2. 2 Selected U.S. notifications to the WTO, September 2014-July 2016表A2.2 2014年9月-2016年7月美国向世界贸易组织所做的部分通报 157
Table A2. 3 Dispute settlement cases involving the United States, July 2016表A2.3 2016年7月涉及美国的争端解决案 160
Table A3. 1 Summary analysis of United States MFN tariff, 2016表A3.1 2016年美国最惠国税率简要分析 162
Table A3. 2 Prohibitions, restrictions or other special requirements表A3.2禁止、限制或其他特殊要求 163
Table A3. 3 Products subject to import licensing表A3.3进口许可管辖的产品 165
Table A3. 4 Selected sub-federal subsidy schemes for "greener" energy表A3.4“绿色”能源地方补贴计划 167
Table A4. 1 Commodity loan rates and Price Loss Coverage reference prices, 2014 Farm Act表A4.1“绿色”能源地方补贴计划 177
SUMMARY
1. The U.S. economy, the single largest in the world, continued to expand during the review period. Although GDP growth has been somewhat uneven on a quarterly basis since the last Trade Policy Review, real GDP continued to expand at annual rates of 2.4% and 2.6% in 2014 and 2015, respectively, before slowing down to an annual rate of around 1% in the first half of 2016. Growth in private consumption has been robust, and the unemployment rate has continued to decline from 10% in 2009 to less than 5% at present. A strengthening labour market and growth in personal income, together with falling energy prices, and low inflation, below the Federal Reserve's long‑term objective of 2%, have boosted consumers' purchasing power. Gross capital formation was an engine of growth in 2014 and most of 2015, encouraged by low interest rates. However, investment contracted during the fourth quarter of 2015 and the first two quarters of 2016, partly due to inventory adjustment, declines in equipment and structures investment (both oil and non‑oil), and the negative impact of lower crude oil prices on investment in the energy sector. Despite the robust economic performance, challenges remain, including dealing with a deteriorating infrastructure and rising income inequalities.作为世界最大的经济体，美国经济在审议期内继续增长。尽管自上次贸易政策审议以来各季度GDP呈不规则增长，2014年和2015年实际GDP分别继续保持了2.4%和2.6%的增长，2016年上半年放缓至1%。私人消费增长强劲，失业率在2009年10%的基础上继续下降，目前已低于5%。劳动力市场复苏，个人收入增长，能源价格下跌，以及维持在美联储2%长期目标以下的低通胀提高了消费者的购买力。在低利率的推动下，资本形成总额在2014年全年和2015年的大部分时间里成为增长引擎。但2015年第四季度和2016年前两个季度投资出现收缩，部分原因是库存调整，（石油和非石油部门的）设备和建筑投资下降，以及原油价格下跌对能源投资产生的负面影响。尽管经济表现强劲，美国仍面临诸多挑战，例如不断恶化的基础设施以及日益严重的收入不平等。
2. During the period under review, the fiscal stance turned rather neutral, as the authorities had limited recourse to fiscal policy instruments. Fiscal uncertainties were addressed through the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, which suspended the debt ceiling until March 2017 and avoided the risk of government shutdowns by locking in appropriations for 2016 and 2017. The current fiscal stance aims at reducing the fiscal deficit. In this respect, the President's Fiscal Year 2017 (FY17) Budget includes proposed measures to drive down future deficits, while implementing policies to accelerate growth and expand opportunities. The President's proposed policies would keep deficits below 3% of GDP while stabilizing debt and putting it on a declining path for the next decade.由于有关部门只能运用有限的财政政策工具，财政政策在审议期内变得相当中性。美国通过《2015年两党预算法案》应对财政上的不确定性。该法案将暂停实施债务上限直至2017年3月，并通过确定2016年和2017年的拨款使政府避免了停摆的危险。目前的财政政策旨在减少财政赤字。为此，《2017财年总统预算》提出了未来降低赤字的措施，并制定了旨在促进增长和创造机会的政策。总统提出的政策将把赤字控制在GDP的3%以内，并将在未来十年实现债务的稳中有降。
3. Monetary policy was relatively accommodative during most of the review period, but the Federal Reserve initiated its "policy normalization process" (steps to raise the federal funds rate and to reduce the Federal Reserve's securities holdings) in 2015. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), the Federal Reserve's policy body, raised the target range for the federal funds rate by a quarter of a percentage point in December 2015. However, the FOMC expects that economic conditions will warrant only gradual future increases in the federal funds rate.审议期内的货币政策相对宽松，但美联储仍于2015年启动了“政策正常化进程”（旨在提高联邦基金利率并减少美联储证券持有量）。作为美联储的政策主体，联邦公开市场委员会（FOMC）于2015年12月将联邦基金利率的目标范围上调0.25%。但据该委员会预计，受经济状况所限，未来只能逐步提高联邦基金利率。
4. The United States is the world's top importer, and the second leading exporter, of goods and services. U.S. merchandise exports are highly diversified, and are dominated by machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and refined petroleum products. Imports are as diversified as exports; their composition is led by manufactured products, which make up some 70% of the total. Machinery, transport equipment, and fuels constitute the main imported products. In 2015, the United States posted a merchandise trade deficit of US$763 billion, slightly larger than in 2014, but 8.7% above the 2013 deficit. Both merchandise imports and exports contracted in 2015 reflecting to a large extent lower oil import prices, rising domestic production of crude oil and natural gas in the case of imports, and weak global demand and a stronger dollar in the case of exports. As in previous years, the merchandise trade deficit was partly offset by a surplus in trade in services and primary income. The United States traditionally posts a trade surplus in cross-border commercial services, with strong surpluses in areas such as financial services, transport, and charges for the use of intellectual property. The services surplus reached US$262 billion in 2015. Canada, the European Union, China, Mexico, and Japan remain the Unites States' main trading partners for both goods and services. The United States remains the world's top destination for foreign direct investment, with total inflows of US$348.4 billion in 2015. The current account continued to be in deficit during the review period; it reached US$463 billion, or 2.6% of GDP, in 2015.美国是世界最大的货物和服务进口国以及第二大货物和服务出口国。美国的货物出口高度多元化，以机械、汽车、化学品和精炼石油产品为主。进口的多元化程度与出口相当，以制成品为主，占进口总额的大约70%。主要进口产品为机械、运输设备和燃料。2015年，美国的货物贸易赤字达7630亿美元，略高于2014年，但比2013年的赤字高8.7%。2015年的货物进口额和货物出口额双双下降。在进口方面，这在很大程度上归因于石油进口价格的下降以及国内原油和天然气产量的上升。出口方面的主要原因则是全球需求疲软和美元的坚挺。和往年一样，服务贸易顺差和主要收入盈余抵消了一部分货物贸易赤字。美国一向在跨境商业服务贸易中保持顺差，尤其是在金融服务、运输和知识产权使用费等领域，2015年服务贸易顺差达2620亿美元。加拿大、欧盟、中国、墨西哥和日本仍是美国的主要货物和服务贸易伙伴。美国仍是世界最大的外商直接投资流入国，2015年流入总额达3484亿美元。审议期内经常项目仍保持逆差，2015年达4630亿美元，占GDP的2.6%。
5. U.S. trade policy seeks to "promote growth, support well-paying jobs, and strengthen the middle class", as stated in the President's 2016 Trade Policy Agenda. To this end, the United States is actively engaged in negotiations within the WTO framework, as well as in regional or plurilateral settings. The United States has been a strong supporter of the Agreement on Trade Facilitation, which it has ratified, and the expanded Information Technology Agreement (ITA), which was implemented on 1 July 2016. Negotiations on the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement were concluded in October 2015 and the Agreement signed in February 2016, but ratification is still pending. The United States is actively engaged in negotiations to liberalize trade further, notably in the form of the Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) and the Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA).正如《总统2016年贸易政策议程》中指出的，美国的贸易政策旨在“促进增长，支持高薪工作和壮大中产阶级”。为此，美国积极参与了世贸组织、区域以及多边框架下的谈判。美国坚定支持《贸易便利化协定》和2016年7月1日起实施的扩大范围的《信息技术协定》，并已批准了《贸易便利化协定》。围绕《跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》举行的谈判于2015年10月结束，美国已于2016年2月签署了该协定但尚未予以批准。美国积极参与了旨在进一步促进贸易自由化的谈判，尤其是《环境产品协定》和《服务贸易协定》的谈判。